What is referencing?

Referencing is a formal system used to identify and acknowledge the words or ideas of other people when you use them in your work.

References are made up of two parts:

• A short in-text citation which appears within the body of your work each time you use information or ideas from another source.
• A corresponding full reference list that appears in a list at the end of your work and provides the details needed to identify and locate each item.

The format of in-text citations and references will differ depending on the referencing style used. For example, some referencing styles use in-text numbering instead of in-text citations, which may have corresponding footnotes.

Why do you need to reference?

The main purposes of referencing are to:

• demonstrate that you have conducted research and used credible sources to back up your arguments
• acknowledge correctly the sources of information you have used to inform your work
• allow others to locate these sources for themselves
• avoid plagiarism, which is a serious breach of academic integrity.

Visit the Study Skills website to find out more about referencing and academic integrity.

Quoting and paraphrasing work

It is important to provide an in-text citation and corresponding reference for each work from which you:

• directly quote
• paraphrase or summarise in your own words
• use ideas, facts, evidence, opinions or statistics
• reproduce an image, table or diagram.

Visit the Study Skills website for guidance on using quotations and paraphrasing and summarising.

How FedCite can help you

You will need to take great care to format your in-text citations and references accurately, following the rules of the referencing style specified for your assessment tasks.

Use FedCite to find detailed guidelines, templates and examples to help you to create accurate in-text citations and references in the five approved referencing styles used at Federation University.

APA 7th referencing style is an ‘author-date’ in-text style which consists of two components:

• an in-text citation
• a full reference.

In-text citation

A brief in-text citation usually appears in brackets after a quotation or paraphrased text. The in-text citation includes the author’s surname and the year of publication.

Learn more about how to format in-text citations.

Full reference

Each source cited in the text has a corresponding full reference entry which appears in the alphabetical reference list at the end of the piece of work.

Each reference contains the information needed to identify and locate the source.

The rules of APA 7th determine the order in which these elements appear, as well as the punctuation and use of capital letters and italicised font.

Learn more about how to format a full reference.

Source-specific guidance in FedCite

The format and elements included in in-text citations and references can vary depending on the source type.

To find guidance specific to a type of source in FedCite:

1. Click on the blue heading in the tabs to the left to select the source type (e.g. Book, Journal article or Web page)

2. Select the most relevant option from the menu that opens up below.

DOI

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Studies indicate that . . . (Sullivan, 2013).

Sullivan (2013) states that . . .

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"Challenging the power structure of institutions, organizations, or bureaucracies requires commitment and fortitude" (Sullivan, 2013, p. 103).

Sullivan (2013) notes that "challenging the power structure of institutions, organizations, or bureaucracies requires commitment and fortitude" (p. 103).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher.

Examples

Sullivan, E. (2013). Becoming influential: A guide for nurses (2nd ed.). Pearson.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).

Notes on style

• Give author, year, title (italics), and name of the publisher
• If the book has a DOI, include this even if you consulted the print version.
• When the author and publisher are the same, omit the publisher from the source element.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Join authors by ‘&’ if the full citation is in round brackets (parenthetical in-text citation), or ‘and’ if the author’s name is part of the sentence (narrative in-text citation).

. . . and is vital in order to encode memories (Pastorino & Doyle-Portillo, 2016).

Pastorino and Doyle-Portillo (2016) have identified that . . .

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"The central executive functions as an attention-controlling mechanism within working memory have been found to ..." (Pastorino & Doyle-Portillo, 2016, p. 281).

Reference list

Template

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"Circadian response patterns can be sensitive to light and dark cycles, sleep patterns, and seasonal changes" (Kraemer et al., 2016, p. 214).

Reference list

Template

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

Reference list

Template

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

According to Bandman and Bandman (2002) ethics in nursing is ….

Ethical medical care given by nurses … (Bandman & Bandman, 2002)

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"Nurses' commitment to following proper medical procedure is ..." (Bandman & Bandman, 2002, pp. 11-12).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher.

Example

Bandman, E., & Bandman, B. (2002). Nursing ethics through the life span (4th ed.). Prentice Hall.

Template (edition variation)

Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed.). Publisher.

Example

DeLaune, S. C., Ladner, P. K., McTier, L., Tollefson, J., & Lawrence, J. (2019). Fundamentals of nursing (2nd Australia and New Zealand ed.). Cengage Learning Australia.

Template (edited book, edition variation, multi-volume)

Editor (Ed.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxx ​

Example

Berman, A., Fransden, G., Snyder, S., Levett-Jones, T., Burston, A., Dwyer, T., Hales, M., Harvey, N., Moxham, L., Langtree, T., Reid-Searl, K., Rolf F., & Stanley D. (Eds.). (2021). Kozier and Erb's fundamentals of nursing: Concepts, process and practice (5th Australian ed., Vol. 1-3). Pearson Australia.

Notes on style

• Different edition: Add edition description (in round brackets, no italics) to the title. Edition information is only given for editions other than the first edition. If no edition statement is shown on the book, assume it’s the first (and no statement is needed).
• Multi-volume: Add volume number/s (in round brackets, no italics) to the title. Give all volumes (e.g., ‘3 vols.’) if citing a whole work; or volume number (e.g., ‘Vol. 2’) if citing an individual volume (see Edited book/ Book chapter tab for further examples).

Whole edited book

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

When citing an entire edited book, use the editor as the author. If you are only using one chapter as your source, refer to the next section, ‘Book chapter from an edited book’.

Griggs and Randall (2022) state …

There has been increased demand in the UK and the world for teaching professionals … (Griggs & Randall, 2022).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"In the UK context, a plethora of training routes now exist compared to a decade ago …" (Griggs & Randall, 2022, p. 4).

Reference list

Template

A chapter from an edited collection

Reference list

Template (chapter)

Chapter Author. (Year). Chapter title. In Editor (Ed.), Book title (page numbers). Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxx

Example

Brown, J. (2001). Silence, taboo and infectious disease. In A. Mills & J. Smith (Eds.), Utter silence: Voicing the unspeakable (pp. 83–91). Peter Lang.

Notes on style

• An edited book will generally be comprised of chapters written by a number of different authors. When citing in-text, you will need to attribute the authors of the particular chapter you are referencing, NOT the editors of the entire work.
• Give the chapter author and title (no italics). Give book title (italics) preceded by ‘In’ (no italics) and initials and surname of editor followed by ‘(Ed.),’ or ‘(Eds.)’ if multiple editors. Add page range of chapter in round brackets (no italics) after the title.
• The editor’s given name initials are before the family name in this format. If the edited book has a DOI, include this even if you consulted the print version.

Template (chapter with edition)

Chapter Author. (Year). Chapter title. In Editor (Ed.), Book title (edition, page numbers). Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxx

Example

Dillard, J. P. (2020). Currents in the study of persuasion. In M. B. Oliver, A. A. Raney, & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (4th ed., pp. 115–129). Routledge.

Template (chapter with edition variation)

Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed.). Publisher. ​

Example

Feo, R., Conroy, T., Alderman, J., & Kitson, A. (2017). Engaging patients and keeping them safe. In J. Crisp, C. Douglas, G. Rebeiro, & D. Waters (Eds.). Potter & Perry's fundamentals of nursing (5th Australia and New Zealand ed., pp. 30-44). Elsevier Australia.​

Template (chapter from a multi-volume edited book)

Chapter Author. (Year). Chapter title: Subtitle. In Editors (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #, pp. x-x). Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxx

Example

Levvett-Jones, T. (2021). Communicating. In A. Berman, G. Fransden, S. Snyder, T. Levett-Jones, A. Burston, T. Dwyer, M. Hales, N. Harvey, L. Moxham, T. Langtree, K. Reid-Searl, F. Rolf & D. Stanley (Eds.), Kozier and Erb's Fundamentals of nursing: Concepts, process and practice (5th Australian ed., Vol. 2, pp. 482-512). Pearson Australia.

Notes on style

• Include any edition and/or volume information in the same parentheses as the page range of the chapter, separated with a comma.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars (2000) believe that building cross-cultural competence ...

Building cross-cultural competence is seen as … (Hampden-Turner & Trompenaars, 2000).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"Building cross-cultural competence is seen as an essential skill …" (Hampden-Turner & Trompenaars, 2000, p. 15).

Reference list

N. B. When the author and publisher are the same, omit the publisher from the source element.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Recent studies indicate that . . . (Carbonaro, 2012).

Carbonaro (2012) contends that . . .

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

Carbonaro (2012) concludes that "MR-mammography allows an accurate evaluation of both breast lesions and axillary lymph nodes, useful to predict the nodal status" (p. 18).

Reference list

Template

Online with DOI

Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, vol(issue), xx–xx. DOI or URL

Example

Carbonaro, L. A. (2012). Can we use MR-mammography to predict nodal status? European Journal of Radiology, 81(1), 17-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0720-048X(12)70007-4

Print

Normoyle, C. (2013). Nurses' wellbeing. Australian Nursing Journal, 20(10), 30–33.

Online with URL (no DOI)

Moran, W. (2014). Enhancing understanding of teaching and the profession through school innovation rounds. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 39(3). http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/

Notes on style

• Give volume number (italics) and issue number (round brackets, no italics). No space between.
• Give page range of article if page numbers are shown (no ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’).
• When including journal articles in the reference list, you must italicise the title of the journal and volume number, and include the digital object identifier (DOI) at the end of the reference (if stated).
• DOI format: DOIs should be presented as hyperlinks beginning with https:// or http://.
• It is not necessary to include the words “Retrieved from” or “Accessed from” before a DOI or URL.

In-text citations

• Name both authors.
• Join authors by ‘&’ in round brackets, or ‘and’ in the sentence.

Paraphrasing

. . . identifies skills intrinsic to current nursing practitioners (Felton & Royal, 2015).

Felton and Royal (2015) argue that . .

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

According to Felton and Royal (2015) "supporting the development of practitioners' skills within preregistration nursing education is complex" (p. 38).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, vol(issue), xx–xx. DOI or URL

Example

Felton, A., & Royal, J. (2015). Skills for nursing practice: Development of clinical skills in pre-registration nurse education. Nurse Education in Practice, 15(1), 38-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2014.11.009

Notes on style

• Give volume number (italics) and issue number (round brackets, no italics). No space between.
• Give page range of article if page numbers are shown (no ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’).
• When including journal articles in the reference list, you must italicise the title of the journal and volume number, and include the digital object identifier (DOI) at the end of the reference (if stated).
• DOI format: DOIs should be presented as hyperlinks beginning with https:// or http://.
• It is not necessary to include the words “Retrieved from” or “Accessed from” before a DOI.

In-text citation

Paraphrasing

• Use only the first listed author’s family name followed by et al. (a Latin abbreviation meaning ‘and others’).

• If cited again within that paragraph – omit the year of publication.

Demacheva et al. also found that . . .

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

"Our findings suggest that decoupling the when and the where attention modules may play an important role in creating magic effects" (Demacheva et al., 2012, p. 547).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, vol(issue), xx–xx. DOI

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Use only the first listed family name followed by et al. and year of publication.

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

Reconstructing the genetic history of Aboriginal Australia is greatly complicated by past government policies of enforced population relocation and child removal that have eroded much of the physical connection between groups and geography in modern Australia" (Tobler et al., 2017, p. 1).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, vol(issue), xx–xx. DOI or URL

Example

Tobler, R., Rohrlach, A., Soubrier, J., Bover, P., Llamas, B., Tuke, J., Bean, N., Abdullah-Highfold, A., Agius, S., O'Donoghue, A., O'Loughlin, I., Sutton, P., Zilio, F., Walshe, K., Williams, A. N., Turney, C. S. M., Williams, M., Richards, S. M., Mitchell, ... Cooper, A. (2017). Aboriginal mitogenomes reveal 50,000 years of regionalism in Australia. Nature, 544(7649), 180-184. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21416

Notes on style

• List the first nineteen authors followed by three ellipsis points (. . .) then the last author.
• Give volume number (italics) and issue number (round brackets, no italics). No space between.
• Give page range of article if page numbers are shown (no ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’).
• When including journal articles in the reference list, you must italicise the title of the journal and volume number, and include the digital object identifier (DOI) at the end of the reference (if stated).
• DOI format: DOIs should be presented as hyperlinks beginning with https:// or http://.
• It is not necessary to include the words “Retrieved from” or “Accessed from” before a DOI

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

When paraphrasing, include the author's family name(s) and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Sanchiz et al. (2017) contend that ...

Age differences can influence searching behaviour due to ... (Sanchiz et al., 2017).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal. If no pages are stated, then include the section heading and paragraph number.

In a recent study, Sanchiz et al. (2017) found that "age-related differences in search efficiency can be explained by different searching strategies and information processing" (p. 77).

Reference list

Template

Without a volume number

Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, (issue), xx–xx. DOI or URL

Example

Stegmeir, M. (2016). Climate change: New discipline practices promote college access. The Journal of College Admission, (231), 44–47. https://www.nxtbook.com/ygsreprints/NACAC/nacac_jca_spring2016/#/4

Notes on style

• If a journal article does not have a volume number leave that element out of the reference.

Template

Without an issue number

Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, vol, xx–xx. DOI or URL

Example

Sanchiz, M., Chevalier, A., & Amadieu, F. (2017). How do older and young adults start searching for information? Impact of age, domain knowledge and problem complexity on the different steps of information searching. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.038

Notes on style

• If a journal article does not have an issue number leave that element out of the reference.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Many symptoms may affect the mental health of an individual after a traumatic event including ... (Biernacka et al., 2024).

Biernacka et al. (2024) describe the symptoms of Complex Post-traumatic Distress Disorder (CPSTD) ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " .

The symptoms of “Complex Post-traumatic Distress Disorder (CPSTD) … include feelings of worthlessness, shame and guilt, difficulty regulating emotions, and problems connecting with others” (Biernacka et al., 2024, p. 2).

Notes on style

• If the pdf version includes page numbers e.g.,1-20 they can be used for in-text citations such as quotes but should not be included in the full reference entry.
• If the pdf version does not include page numbers then use paragraph numbers for quotes, e.g., para 12.

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, vol(issue), Article number. DOI or URL

Example

Biernacka, N., Talwar, S., & Billings, J. (2024). Trauma clinicians’ views of physical exercise as part of PTSD and complex PTSD treatment: A qualitative study. PLOS Mental Health, 1(4), Article e0000114. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pmen.0000114

Notes on style

• Some journal articles are published with an article number and no page numbers. The article number is placed in the usual page number section of the full reference entry.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

When paraphrasing, include the author family name(s) and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Recent studies indicate that . . . (Walker & Buchbinder, 1997).

Walker and Buchbinder (1997) contend that . . .

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal. If no pages are stated, then include the section heading and paragraph number.

Walker and Buchbinder (1997) noted that "analysis of the determinants of frequency of use of the various diagnostic methods revealed that motion palpation was more commonly employed by younger chiropractors" (Discussion section, para. 6).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, vol(issue), xx–xx. URL

Example

Walker, B., & Buchbinder, R. (1997). Most commonly used methods of detecting spinal subluxation and the preferred term for its description: A survey of chiropractors in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 20(9), 583-589.  http://www.jmptonline.org

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Referring to a website as a whole

When making a general reference to a website as a whole (i.e., not to a specific document, page, or post on the site), give the URL in round brackets after the mention; no reference entry is needed.

No reference entry required

Example: The video-sharing website YouTube (http://www.youtube.com) is … IN WRITING ONLY

A specific document, page, or post

If you mention specific information from a website post or page, you must include an in-text citation and reference list entry whether you are paraphrasing or quoting directly.

• Specific advice and examples can be found in other sections of this guide,  for example, a Web document, Website post or page (general treatment), Audio-visual material, Images, Online discussions, social media, etc.

In-text citations

This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable. Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources; Personal communication.

Paraphrasing

Daly (2014) asserts that a Pennsylvanian student buys WMD ingredients …

A Pennsylvanian student has been buying WMD ingredients … (Daly, 2014).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.

"A Pennsylvanian student has been buying ingredients on Amazon for a WMD … " (Daly, 2014, para. 5).

Reference list

Blog post

Template

In-text citations

This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable. Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources; Personal communication.

Paraphrasing

Coles Supermarket (2014) is pleased to announce ...

A recent announcement by Coles states that … (Coles Supermarket, 2014).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.

Coles Supermarket CEO announced at a recent promotional event that "Our Coles Brand fresh chicken is 100% RSPCA Approved which means …" (Coles Supermarket, 2014, para 1).

Reference list

In-text citations

This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable. Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources; Personal communication.

Paraphrasing

National Aeronautics and Space Administration [nasa] (2018) posted ...

Tingle and the crew undertook numerous activities including a spacewalk … (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2018).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.

Tingle and his crewmates completed hundreds of experiments, welcomed four cargo spacecraft delivering several tons of supplies and experiments, and performed spacewalks ... (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2018).

Reference list

Template

Notes on style

• When the real name of the author is known, provide it first, in inverted format, followed by the screen name in brackets.
• When the real name of the author is not known, provide only the screen name without brackets (as in the haffy-1223 example).
• Add the form name as comment and original post title in the form section in square brackets to the title.

In-text citations

This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable. Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources; Personal communication.

Paraphrasing

Waldron (2025) presented at the former Sunbury Mental Hospital…

In a recent post on X, Barack Obama paid tribute to Aretha Franklin who was well known as the Queen of Soul (Obama, 2018).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.

"In her voice, we could feel our history, all of it and in every shade—our power and our pain, our darkness and our light, our quest for redemption and our hard-won respect" (Obama, 2018, para. 1).

Reference list

Post/Video

Template

In-text citations

This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable. Cite a temporary post (e.g., Instagram Story) or a livestream (e.g., Instagram Live) that is not archived by its hosting platform and cannot be retrieved by any other means (i.e., recorded and made available online via another hosting site) as a personal communication.

Paraphrasing

Smith (2025) shared her opinion of...

...was subsequently announced on Instagram (Smith, 2025).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.

"In her voice, we could feel our history, all of it and in every shade—our power and our pain, our darkness and our light, our quest for redemption and our hard-won respect" (Obama, 2018, para. 1).

Reference list

Instagram photo

Template

In-text citations

Note. Rip returns to his house in ruins. From Rip van Winkle, by W. Irving, 1848, American Art Union. CC0.

Reference list

Template

In-text citations

Note. From NGC 6302: The "Butterfly Nebula" [Photograph], by National Aeronautics and Space Administration, European Space Agency and J. Kastner, 2020, Hubblesite (https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/2020/31/4680-Image).

Reference list

Template

In-text citations

In-text citations

Below figure

Template

Below figure

Template

Note. Title or image description. From a personal photograph, by Author, Year. Copyright Year by author. 

Example

Figure 1.

De Adriaan Windmill, Haarlem, Netherlands, 2019.

Note. De Adriaan Windmill, Haarlem, Netherlands. From a personal photograph by author, B. Smith, 2019. Copyright 2019 by author.

A personal photo was taken by someone else

Above figure

Template

Figure number

Figure x.

Figure title

Title.

Below figure

Template

Note. Title or image description. From personal photograph, by Author, Year. Copyright Year by author. Reprinted with permission.

Example

Figure 2.

One of many canals in Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2019.

Note. One of many canals in Amsterdam, Netherlands. From a personal photograph, by P. Johnson, 2019. Copyright 2019 by P. Johnson. Reprinted with permission.

Citing sources within a table

In an assignment, you may need to create a table that combines information from multiple sources. How you cite the sources will depend on how you present your table. There are several different ways, so choose the option that best suits your needs.

Remember that each source you cite in the table will need to be in the reference list as well. The authors appear in the standard format for one, two, or three or more authors.

The table needs:

• A label,
• a title in italics,
• headings for the rows and/or columns,
• to be easy to read and understand

A column or row of standard author-date citations

Table 1

Summary of studies included in the literature review

• The order of the citations in the column or row is alphabetical.

Cite each piece of data using brackets

Table 2

Considerations of medication rights relating to the case study

An explanatory note below the table

Table 3

Comparison of medications

Note. Atenolol is from MIMS Australia, n.d.-a; Furosemide oral is from MIMS Australia, n.d.-b.

Multiple specific notes below the table with letters in superscript corresponding to the data

Table 4

Characteristics of frog distribution

^aCuevas and Sanhueza, 2020. ^bCorrea and Duran, 2019. ^cAmphibiaWeb, 2021. ^dClauzel et al., 2013. ^eASG Assessment Workshop, 2009.

Notes on style

• The citations in the note appear in the same order they do in the table, not alphabetically.
• To insert superscript in Microsoft Word on a Windows device, highlight the letter, and press Control, Shift, and + at the same time. For a Mac, highlight the letter, and press Command, Shift, and + at the same time.

This information has been adapted from advice given on the APA6 blog, however, it is still applicable to APA7.

Referencing style guidance is being developed by the official bodies, and this is interim advice until formal notes can be added.

In-text

I have included an image an image of a poodle sitting on a couch generated by an artificial intelligence image generator (Hive.ai., n.d.; see Figure 1).

Above the figure

Template

Description of image.

Below the figure

Template

Note: Image generated using the prompt “Prompt,” by Name of AI Image Generator, Year of the version used, URL

Example

Figure 1

Poodle sitting on a couch.

Note: Image generated using the prompt “Poodle sitting on a couch,” by Hive.ai, Gencraft AI Art Generator, n.d., https://gencraft.com/generate.

Reference

Template

Developer. (Year of the version used). Name of AI Image Generator (version used) [Type of AI image generator used]. URL of the version used

Example

Hive.ai. (n.d.). Gencraft [AI image generator]. https://gencraft.com/generate

Notes on style

• The developer is the organisation or company that created the software.
• The title is the name of the model. Include the version number in brackets in the format used by the developer.
• The form describes what is being referenced to help the reader understand.
• Give the URL that links as directly as possible to the source where you access the model.
• If you cannot locate version information leave that out.
• Type of AI image generator used e.g., Text to image, AI image generator, etc.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Trekking on the Kokoda track can be … (FitzSimons, 2011).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"The history of the Kokoda track can be traced back to …" (FitzSimons, 2011, 4:50).

Reference list

Template

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Guy Sebastian's (2012) song touches on a father's love for his child and ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"Won't let the big bag world get you no way" (Sebastian, 2012, 0:59).

Reference list

Example

King, M. L., Jr. (1963, August 28). I have a dream [Speech audio recording]. American Rhetoric. https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm

Interview

Template

Example

Gleeson, J. (1979, November 29). Lenton Parr interview: James Gleeson oral history collection [Interview audio recording]. NGA. https://nga.gov.au/on-demand/lenton-parr-interview/

Notes on style

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Direct quote

Reference list

Template

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The Gilmore girls were feeling anxious when … (Sherman-Palladino & Mancuso, 2002).

Sherman-Palladino & Mancuso (2002) wrote an episode of the Gilmore girls that dealt with anxiety issues…

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"Loralai, how is your anxiety today?" (Sherman-Palladino & Mancuso, 2002, 09.25).

Reference list

In-text citations

In-text citations

Reference list

In-text citations

This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable. Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources; Personal communication.

Paraphrasing

Gathering the necessary supplies is the first step when giving a patient a bed bath (Open RN Project, 2023)

In the RN Project (2023) video the instructor greeted the patient before commencing...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a time stamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"Good morning Lee, I'm Myra and I'm your CNA for today." (Open RN Project, 2023, 00:34).

Reference list

Template

Open RN Project. (2023, January 15). Full bed bath [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5GYMOvjjtk

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Watched on TED website:

Amanda Palmer (2013) used examples from her career as a busker and a musician to discuss the sharing economy.

Watched on YouTube:

Amanda Palmer used examples from her career as a busker and a musician to discuss the sharing economy (TED, 2013).

Notes on style

• Use the speaker's name in the context of your sentence if necessary.

Direct quote

Watched on TED website:

"So I had the most profound encounters ..." (Palmer, 2013, 1:19).

Watched on YouTube:

"So I had the most profound encounters ..." (TED, 2013, 1:19).

Reference list

Watched on TED website:

Template

Speaker. [Screen Name]. (Year, Month). Title [Form]. TED Conferences. URL

Example

Palmer, A. (2013, February). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/amanda_palmer_the_art_of_asking

Watched on YouTube:

Template

TED. (Year, Month Day). Speaker: Title [Form]. YouTube. URL

Example

TED. (2013, March 1). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMj_P_6H69g

Notes on style

• The author's name is 'TED' in this case because the TED organisation posted the video to YouTube.
• YouTube shows the date that the video was posted as March 1, 2013, so that's the date to use in this reference.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

"Community Participation seeks to enhance opportunities for people to play an active role in community life and local decision making" (City of Ballarat, 2023, p. 58).

Notes on style

• If the name i.e., corporate author of an organization or government body is long and is well-known by an abbreviation, give its full name and then the abbreviation in square brackets in the first in-text citation e.g. (Department of Education and Training [DET], 2020)
• In all subsequent in-text citations, give abbreviations only. e.g.  (VCAA, 2024). Only do this if you use the abbreviated name in your sentences.

Reference list

Template

In-text citations

In-text citations

How do you cite and reference AI content?

To reference the content output of large language models such as ChatGPT, APA advises using the following format, based on the style for referencing software.

This guidance is taken from the APA 7 page How to cite ChatGPT.

Text

In-text citation

Template

(Developer, Year)

Example

(OpenAI, 2023).

Reference

Template

Developer. (Year). Title (version) [Form]. URL

Example

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

Notes on style

• The developer is the organisation or company that created the software.
• The title is the name of the model. Include the version number in brackets in the format used by the developer.
• The form describes what is being referenced to help the reader understand.
• Give the URL that links as directly as possible to the source where you access the model.

Images

Referencing style guidance is being developed by the official bodies, and this is interim advice until formal notes can be added.

In-text

I have included an image an image of a poodle sitting on a couch generated by an artificial intelligence image generator (Hive.ai., n.d.; see Figure 1).

Above the figure

Description of image.

Below the figure

Note: Image generated using the prompt “Prompt,” by Name of AI Image Generator, Year of the version used, URL

Figure 1

Poodle sitting on a couch.

Note: Image generated using the prompt “Poodle sitting on a couch,” by Hive.ai, Gencraft AI Art Generator, n.d., https://gencraft.com/generate.

Reference

Template

Developer. (Year of the version used). Name of AI Image Generator (version used) [Type of AI image generator used]. URL of the version used

Example

Hive.ai. (n.d.). Gencraft [AI image generator]. https://gencraft.com/generate

Notes on style

• The developer is the organisation or company that created the software.
• The title is the name of the model. Include the version number in brackets in the format used by the developer.
• The form describes what is being referenced to help the reader understand.
• Give the URL that links as directly as possible to the source where you access the model.
• If you cannot locate version information leave that out.
• Type of AI image generator used e.g., Text to image, AI image generator, etc.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The app adopted the Australian Fire Danger Rating System to standardise fire danger ratings for Australia (VicEmergency, Version 6.4.0).

Direct quote

Not everything is created in-house, the About Word information acknowledges "Certain templates developed for Microsoft Corporation by Impressa Systems" (Microsoft Word, Version 16.0.4639.1000).

Reference list

Template

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

A recent exhibition of Australian Impressionists in France … (Taylor, 2013).

Taylor's (2013) exhibition catalogue presents Australian Impressionists who have recently exhibited in France …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).

"Well known Australian impressionists have recently exhibited in Paris to great acclaim ..." (Taylor, 2013, p. 1).

Reference list

Template

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Camping platforms are a great way to experience nature and preserve the natural flora… (Parks Victoria & Tourism North East , n.d.).

According to Parks Victoria and Tourism North East (n.d.) summer is a fantastic time to experience wildflowers in bloom.

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).

"Be challenged, rewarded and changed ..." (Parks Victoria & Tourism North East, n.d., p. 1).

Reference list

Template

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

There is evidence of evolution in drought-tolerant plants (Stamate, 2016).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide page numbers or exact time stamp for podcasts, lectures and other sound and video recordings.

Reference list

Template

Example

Notes on style

• Online lectures and presentations are considered recoverable if recorded or are available for download as a pdf, etc. They can be included in the reference list if permitted by your teacher or lecturer. Treat according to publication type (e.g., video post, podcast, stand-alone document, etc.).
• If the material you are citing is from an online class room, learning management system (Moodle, Canvas, Blackboard), or intranet and you are writing for an audience with access to that resource, provide the name of the site and its URL (do not link to a specific Moodle shell or page).
• If the material is not accessible to your intended audience (e.g. requires an institutional login) cite as Personal communication.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Live lectures and classes are considered a type of personal communication. These sources are not recoverable and are not included in the reference list. For more information on referencing unrecoverable sources see the Personal communication section.

Provide the communicators first initial(s) and surname followed by a exact as possible date, including the day and month if you have this information.

In-text template

Initial(s). Last name (personal communication, Month Day, Year)

(Initial(s). Last name, personal communication, Month Day, Year)

Example

K. Pruis (personal communication, November 21, 2024) explained the difficulty in identifying AI generated journal articles.

Generative AI often hallucinates reference list entries, including the names of journals or articles titles (K. Pruis, personal communication, November 21, 2024).

No reference list entry required

Check with your teacher or lecturer before including this material as a reference source

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Join authors by ‘&’ if the full citation is in round brackets (parenthetical in-text citation), or ‘and’ if the author’s name is part of the sentence (narrative in-text citation).

Plants exposed to direct sunlight will show an increased concentration of stomata (Hull & Drennon, 2011).

Hull and Drennon (2011) hypothesis that exposure to direct sunlight will increase the concentration of stomata.

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and page number.

"Stomata density in leaves directly exposed to the sun will be greater then those in the shade" (Hull & Drennon, 2011,  p. 7)

Reference list

Template

Example

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Any material that is only accessible in person at a specific time (e.g. class handouts or worksheets) or through direct communication with an individual (e.g. email or direct message) should be treated as Personal communication.

If this material is an essential document (e.g. placement handouts or class handout) and had been approved by your lecturer you can use the following format for printed class materials.

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. School/Faculty, Institution.

Example

Huang, L. (2012, March 5). The cost of retribution [Lecture notes]. School of Arts, Central University.

Notes on style

• For information on citing course materials available online via a learning management system (Moodle) see Recorded lecture or online class material.

• The formatting of statutes appears the same in the reference list as in your text.
• Start with the name of the statute in italics, followed by the year the statute was passed in italics. Then in brackets, state the abbreviation for the jurisdiction which passed the Act, e.g. (Cth) for Commonwealth, or the State abbreviation. Finally, the section number and subsection number, if referring to a particular section of the statute.
• Include the URL from which you retrieved the material. (optional; this is not strictly required for legal citations but may aid readers in retrieval)

Introduction

Note: The APA style guide focuses on legal sources from the United States and United Nations, and refers readers to The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (Bluebook, 2015), which does not cover Australian legal sources. In Australia, the Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC) is widely used by the legal community as a standard for legal citation.  AGLC (4^th ed) 2018 is published by the Melbourne University Law Review Association Inc in collaboration with the Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc.

Some of the following examples are taken from the AGLC. Please check with your school or course description for any specific requirements regarding referencing.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

…as detailed in the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Bill 2009 (Cth) cl 83 . . .

According to the Transport Accident Further Amendment Bill 2013 (Vic) . . .

Notes on style

• The title and year of a Bill should not be italicised (unlike Acts).
• The year of the Bill is considered to be part of the title and therefore should be included following the title. Following the title and year, include the abbreviated form of the jurisdiction of the legislation enclosed in brackets e.g. (Cth) for Commonwealth, and (Vic) for Victoria.
• To pinpoint a clause or sub-clause of a Bill, use the abbreviation cl or sub-cl followed by a space and the number. Other abbreviations including multiple pinpoints are detailed in AGLC 4 sections 3.1.4 and 3.1.5.

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the title of the Bill, year, jurisdiction, and clause number(s) (if applicable) enclosed in brackets.

" If a person (the supplier) supplies an amount of eligible 20 upstream fuel to another person (the recipient) who quotes the 21 recipient’s Obligation Transfer Number (OTN) in relation to 22 the supply, the supply will not count towards the supplier’s 23 liability for the financial year" (Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Bill 2009 (Cth) cl 16).

Reference list

Template

Title of Bill Year (jurisdiction) cl xxx. URL

Examples

Corporations Amendment Bill (No 1) 2005 (Cth). http://www.aph.gov.au

Environment Legislation Amendment Bill 2013 (Cth). http://www.aph.gov.au

Notes on style

• The formatting of Bills appears the same in the reference list as in your text.
• Start with the name of the Bill, followed by the year. Then in brackets, state the abbreviation for the jurisdiction, e.g. (Cth) for Commonwealth, or the State abbreviation. Finally, the clause number and sub-clause number if you are referring to a particular section of the Bill.
• Include the URL from which you retrieved the material. (optional; this is not strictly required for legal citations but may aid readers in retrieval).
• It is prudent to note that bills are not law and are rather proposals for law or to change a law. It is usually better to cite the relevant section of legislation in the place of a bill if it is available.

Introduction

Note: The APA style guide focuses on legal sources from the United States and United Nations, and refers readers to The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (Bluebook, 2015), which does not cover Australian legal sources. In Australia, the Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC) is widely used by the legal community as a standard for re legal citation.  AGLC (4th ed) 2018 is published by the Melbourne University Law Review Association Inc in collaboration with the Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc.

Some of the following examples are taken from the AGLC. Please check with your school or course description for any specific requirements regarding referencing.

In-text citation

Paraphrasing

Start with the author of the coroners report, and enclose the Year in brackets. If using the author of the coroners report in the sentence, include the Year in brackets.

...in regards to the actions taken (Coroners Court of Victoria, 2023).

The Coroners Court of Victoria (2023) found that the actions taken...

Direct Quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the author of the coroners report, the year it was delivered and the paragraph number in square brackets (if applicable).

"was reviewed by the surgical team" (Coroners Court of Victoria, 2023, (s.95).

Reference List

Template

Author. (Year). Title of work (report number). Publisher if different from author. URL

Example

Coroners Court of Victoria. (2023). Inquest into the death of Sasha (COR 2019 004069). https://www.coronerscourt.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/COR%202019-4069%20Form%2037-Finding%20into%20Death%20Following%20Inquest_Signed.pdf

Examples

Nasery v Global Rail (2024) VMC 8. https://jade.io/article/1083089?at.hl=Nasery+v+Global+Rail+(2024)+VMC+8

Lakaev v McConkey [2024] TASSC 8. https://jade.io/article/1065251?at.hl=Lakaev+v+McConkey+%255B2024%255D+TASSC+8.

Minister for the Environment v Sharma (2022) 291 FCR 311. https://jade.io/article/908789?at.hl=Minister+for+the+Environment+v+Sharma+(2022)+291+FCR+311

Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v Kumar (2017) 260 CLR 367. https://jade.io/article/523230?at.hl=Minister+for+Immigration+and+Border+Protection+v+Kumar+(2017)+260+CLR+367%252C+25.

Henroth Pty Ltd v Canterbury-Bankstown Council [No 2] (2024) NSWLEC 1740. https://jade.io/article/523230/section/140015?asv=citation_browser

Cook (a pseudonym) v The King (2024) HCA26.  https://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/HCA/2024/26.html?context=1;query=crown;mask_path=au/cases/cth/HCA

Notes on style

• The formatting of civil law cases appears the same in the reference list as in your text.
• If a case is obtained from an electronic database, add the URL.

Introduction

Referencing international treaties and conventions is detailed in Section 11 (Legal References) of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th edition). The Australian Guide to Legal Citation also deals with international treaties and conventions in AGLC – Part IV

The following examples are based on the information taken from the APA Manual.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

• Start with the title of the Treaty or Convention, and enclose the Year in brackets. If using the Treaty or Convention name in the sentence, include the Year in brackets.

Nationality is a right of all indigenous people because ... (United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 2007).

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007)  . . .

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the title of the Treaty in italics, the year it entered into force, and the article number(s) (if applicable). Abbreviate article to 'art'.

"Every indigenous individual has the right to a nationality” (United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 2007, art 6(2)).

Notes on style

• Treaties are divided into sections or parts called articles (abbreviated to art) and often have several numbered paragraphs and sections e.g. art 4(2)(a).
• If the sections in each article are labeled as sections use the appropriate abbreviation e.g., art 12 s 3 or art 3 s 9(a).
• Further information can be found in ACLC 4th ed. in sections 1.14, 1.16, and 8.

Reference list

Template

Name of Treaty or Convention, Month Day, Year, URL.

Example

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, November 13, 2007, https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

The results of the study indicate . . . (Evans, 2015).

Evans (2015) states that . . .

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) (use p. or pp.) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

Evans (2015) notes that "aspirin's miracle properties revolve around its ability to stop blood platelets clumping together, reducing the risk of heart attacks and strokes" (p. 11).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year/Date). Article title. Newspaper/Magazine Name, p. #. DOI or URL

Example

Evans, K. (2015, January 05). Aspirin study raises hopes for dementia prevention. The Age, 11.

Notes on style

• Do NOT italicise the title of the article, only the title of the newspaper.
• Include the day, month and year.
• Give the page range of the article if page numbers are shown (Do not use ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’ in the reference list).
• Articles that are spread over several nonconsecutive pages can be expressed using commas and dashes, for example, 5-6, 8 or 1, 9-10, 12.
• Include the DOI, if there is one.
• If there is no DOI, omit the URL for newspaper articles accessed from a database.
• If the newspaper article has no author see instructions in the no author tab in this section.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Craig (1968) reports that Mrs Holt’s sorrow has been shared by …

A recent letter to the editor comments on Starbucks … (Rosen, 2014).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) (use p. or pp.) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

"Starbucks latest advertising campaign has …" (Rosen, 2014, para. 7).

Reference list

Online replica of a print edition

Template

Author. (Year/Date). Article title. Newspaper/Magazine Name, Page number. DOI or URL

Example

Craig, B. (1968, January 10). Australia and the world shares Mrs Holt’s sorrow. The Australian Women’s Weekly, 2–3. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/45649185

Notes on style

• If the article is a digitised replica of a print edition, give the publication date of the print edition and include the page numbers (do not add p. or pp. before the page number/s in the reference list).
• Articles that are spread over several nonconsecutive pages can be expressed using commas and dashes, for example, 5-6, 8 or 1, 9-10, 12.
• Do NOT italicise the title of the article, only the title of the newspaper.
• If the article comes from a particular section add that information in square brackets after the title, for example, Letter to the Editor.
• If the newspaper article has no author see instructions in the no author tab in this section.

Online edition

Template

Author. (Year/Date). Article title [Form]. Newspaper/Magazine Name, Page number. URL 

Example

Rosen, L. (2014, January 22). Occupy Starbucks [Letter to the editor]. The New York Times, 6. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/23/opinion/occupy-starbucks.html

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Kennedy's assassination has … (Hunt, 1963).

Hunt (1963) describes how the assassination of President Kennedy has rocked the world …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) (using p. or pp.) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

"The world mourns the loss of President Kennedy who was shot …" (Hunt, 1963, p. 1).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year/Date). Article title. Newspaper/Magazine Name, p. #. DOI or URL

Example

Hunt, J. (1963, November 22). Assassin kills Kennedy. The Chicago Tribune,  1, 4–6.

Notes on style

• Do NOT italicise the title of the article, only the title of the newspaper.
• Include the year, month and day.
• Do not add p. or pp. before the page number/s in the reference list.
• Articles that are spread over several nonconsecutive pages can be expressed using commas and dashes, for example, 5-6, 8 or 1, 9-10, 12.
• If the newspaper article has no author see instructions in the no author tab in this section.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

If no author has been identified, provide the first few words of the title in Headline Case enclosed by double quotation marks " " followed by the year.

An increase in education spending . . . ("Budget to Link," 2016).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper (using p. or pp). If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

"An additional $118 million to support disabled children in schools over two years will be a modest boost in an important area of student assistance where many schools are struggling" ("Budget to Link," 2016, p. 23).

Reference list

Template

Article title. (Year/Date). Newspaper/Magazine Name, page number. DOI or URL

Example

Budget to link school spending to outcomes. (2016, May 02). The Australian, 23.

Notes on style

• Place the title of the article in the author position
• Do NOT italicise the title of the article, only the title of the newspaper.
• Include the year, month and day.
• If the page numbers are spread over nonconsecutive pages do not add p. or pp. before the page number/s (in the reference list only).
• Articles that are spread over several nonconsecutive pages can be expressed using commas and dashes, for example, 5-6, 8 or 1, 9-10, 12.

In-text citations

In-text citations

When citing information from eMIMSelite (formerly MIMS)  the author should be listed as MIMS Australia and  the site name eMIMSelite for your reference list entry.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Single reference

... to ameliorate pain (MIMS Australia, n.d.).

Multiple references

If you have multiple drug references from MIMS Online, reference them using a hyphen and lower-case letter after the n.d. (-a, -b, -c, etc), and in alphabetical order in the reference list:

... might use Advil (MIMS Australia, n.d.-a). Panadol might be used for older children (MIMS Australia, n.d.-b) ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and use the name of the section or the paragraph number (count manually) as part of the in-text reference.

Using section name

Coumadin is “completely absorbed after oral administration with peak concentration generally attained within the first 4 hours.” (MIMS Australia, n.d., 5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties.).

Using paragraph number

Advil in small children is used for the “temporary relief of pain, discomfort …” (MIMS Australia, n.d., para. 6).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Date). Title of entry. Name of Site. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL.

Examples

Single reference

MIMS Australia. (n.d.). Panadol Rapid. eMIMSelite. Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https://app-emimselite-com.ap1.proxy.openathens.net/medicineview?id=1ff93469-1d64-4197-8aab-a53300fdf96d&type=abbpi

MIMS Australia. (n.d.). Tacidine. eMIMSelite. Retrieved October 23, 2024, from https://app-emimselite-com.ap1.proxy.openathens.net/medicineview?id=7895113f-7eda-4fc5-91e5-a53300fdc9da&type=abbpi

Multiple references

MIMS Australia. (n.d.-a.). NovoMix. eMIMSelite. Retrieved November 10, 2024, from https://app-emimselite-com.ap1.proxy.openathens.net/medicineview?id=9c9d4cc7-4b05-43a9-bd5d-a53300fdaf6e&type=abbpi

MIMS Australia. (n.d.-b.). Sidapiva. eMIMSelite. Retrieved November 10, 2024, from https://app-emimselite-com.ap1.proxy.openathens.net/medicineview?id=e50a0ada-f097-450e-b5d3-b20500a107fe&type=abbpi

eMIMSelie interaction checker

Author. (Date). Title of entry [Online app]. Name of Site. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL.

MIMS Australia. (n.d.). MIMS Interaction Checker: Endone, Ibuprofen [Online app]. eMIMSelite. Retrieved March 28, 2025, from https://app-emimselite-com.ap1.proxy.openathens.net/interactions?inputs=a0750dc0-7d04-41c7-978a-9fa701504c0e%2CIbuprofen%2Cmolecule%7C39ca2de3-9de6-4655-b71b-a53300fd5a75%2CEndone%2Cbrand%7C

Notes on style

• Put the title (in this case the drug) in sentence case (the first word of the sentence and proper nouns start with a capital letter) and in italics.
• Follow the specific entry with the site title.
• n.d. (no date) is used for online material where the content is updated without notice (no “Updated on [date]”).
• Use the URL of the specific page (note: URL shorteners are acceptable, if stable)
• Include the date you looked at the eMIMSelite entry (eMIMS is constantly updated, so information might change with time).

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. For sources with three to twenty authors use only the first listed author's family name followed by et al.

Actinomycosis can be difficult to diagnose (Sharma et al., 2023).

Sharma et al. (2023) state that actinomycosis can be difficult to diagnose...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the heading or section name in combination with a paragraph number (if needed). You can abbreviate long headings or sections names.

"The infection does not respect tissue planes and spreads contiguously" (Sharma et al., 2023, Pathophysiology section, para. 5).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year, Month Day). Title. In StatPearls. StatsPearls Publishing. http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/xxxxxxx

Example

Sharma, S., Hashmi, M. F., & Valention, D. J. (2023, August  7). Actinomycosis. In StatPeals. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482151/

Notes on style

• For more information on referencing health specific sources see the Referencing common nursing sources section of the Nursing subject guide.
• NCBI Bookshelf provides access to books, reports, articles and other documents in health and life science disciplines. Use this citation method for content accessed directly from NCBI/StatPearls.
• Content on the NCBI bookshelf/StatPearls does not contain page numbers. Use heading/section titles and paragraph numbers to help readers find directly quoted information.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

When paraphrasing, include the organisation name and year of publication in brackets.

1st in-text citation

A registered nurse should empower patients with information and education about their health (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia [NMBA], 2016, Standard 3.2)

Subsequent in-text citation

A registered nurse is accountable for their own decision and behaviours (NMBA], 2016, Standard 3.4)

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the standard number and page number if present. If there are no page numbers omit this information.

"Information is provided in a way that meets the needs of patients..."(Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care [ACSQHC], 2017, Standard 2.10a, p. 18)

Reference list

Template

Author. (Date). Title. Publisher. DOI or URL.

Example

Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2016). Registered nurse standards for practice. https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards/registered-nurse-standards-for-practice.aspx

Notes on style

• If the name i.e., corporate author of an organization or government body is long and is well-known by an abbreviation, give its full name and then the abbreviation in square brackets in the first in-text citation e.g. (Department of Education and Training [DET], 2020)
• In all subsequent in-text citations, give abbreviations only. e.g.  (DET, 2020). Only do this if you use the abbreviated name in your sentences.
• If the publisher is the same as the author leave out publisher information.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Reid (1998) found that dysfunctional drivers are ...

Dysfunctional drivers cause … (Reid, 1998).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).

"Dysfunctional drivers have caused chaos on most major freeways … (Reid, 1998, p. 56).

Reference list

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Reid (1998) found that dysfunctional drivers are ...

Dysfunctional drivers cause … (Sunderland, 2016).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).

"Dysfunctional drivers have caused chaos on most major freeways … (Sunderland, 2016, p. 56).

Reference list

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Reid (1998) found that dysfunctional drivers are ...

Dysfunctional drivers cause … (Reid, 1998).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).

"Dysfunctional drivers have caused chaos on most major freeways … (Reid, 1998, p. 56).

Reference list

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

A recent exhibition of Australian impressionists in France … (Taylor, 2013).

Wenzel (1998) claims that Fellini's films were ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).

"Fellini's films always drew much attention from …" (Wenzel, 1998, p. 54).

Reference list

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

A recent exhibition of Australian impressionists in France … (Taylor, 2013).

Wenzel (1998) claims that Fellini's films were ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).

"Fellini's films always drew much attention from …" (Wenzel, 1998, p. 54).

Reference list

This section of FedCite refers to standards retrieved from the Standards Australia website. Other industry standards references may use a variant on the Web pages section of FedCite.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

In-text citations

This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable. Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources; Personal communication.

Paraphrasing

Telemedicine benefits from Robonaut technology due to … (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2014).

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2014) states that …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a time stamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"The benefits of Robonaut technology on telemedicine have …" (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2014, 01:33).

Reference list

Template

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Watched on TED website:

Amanda Palmer (2013) used examples from her career as a busker and a musician to discuss the sharing economy.

Watched on YouTube:

Amanda Palmer used examples from her career as a busker and a musician to discuss the sharing economy (TED, 2013).

• Use the speaker's name in the context of your sentence if necessary.

Direct quote

Watched on TED website:

"So I had the most profound encounters ..." (Palmer, 2013).

Watched on YouTube:

"So I had the most profound encounters ..." (TED, 2013).

Reference list

Template

Watched on TED website:

Speaker. [Screen Name]. (Year, Month). Title [Form]. TED Conferences. URL

Example

Palmer, A. (2013, February). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/amanda_palmer_the_art_of_asking

Watched on YouTube:

Template

TED. (Year, Month Day). Speaker: Title [Form]. YouTube. URL

Example

TED. (2013, March 1). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMj_P_6H69g

Notes on style

• The author's name is 'TED' in this case because the TED organisation posted the video on YouTube.
• YouTube shows the date that the video was posted as March 1, 2013, so that's the date to use in this reference.

Additional resources

APA Style Blog

When you are paraphrasing or using a direct quote in your writing you must acknowledge each author or source of information (whether print or online).

Paraphrasing

Direct quotes

General rules for in-text citations

You need to insert a brief reference into your writing, whenever you use a source. This is the in-text citation. It is made up of the author and the year of publication of the source. Page numbers are added when you are referring to a specific part of the source.

Template

List multiple citations in alphabetical order, with a semi-colon (;) to separate them.

… along with other studies (Keen, 2005; Lee, 2004; Wojk, 2003, 2006).

When an author has published more than one cited article in the same year, distinguish each article by using a lower case letter after the year within the brackets (this is also written in the reference list).

In a study by Crowley (2011a), it was found that . . .

It is suggested that . . . (Crowley, 2011b).

A secondary citation is where you refer to a source that you haven't read but which is cited in another, more recent source.

You should avoid secondary citations wherever possible; only use them when you are unable to find and read the original (primary) source. You should also only use a secondary citation if you are using a direct quotation or there is significant importance to the original source.

• Reading the original source is good scholarly practice; it gives you the full context without any reinterpretations.
• Use the reference list in the secondary source to identify the original source so that you can find it - ask a librarian if you need help with this.

Austin, A. M., & Gustafson, L. (2006). Impact of course length on student learning. Journal of Economics and Finance Education, 5(1), 26-37.

Meldrum, K., & Peters, J. (2012). Learning to teach health and physical education: The student, the teacher and the curriculum. Pearson Australia.

Notes on style

• Include only the secondary source in your reference list.
• Do not include the original source, as your reference list must only include works you have read yourself.

Important: This is a guide only. To avoid losing marks confirm the referencing requirements of your school with your lecturer.

Australian Harvard is an in-text citation style. This means you insert a brief reference (‘citation’) into your writing whenever you use a source. The in-text citation is made up of the source’s author and year of publication enclosed in round brackets.

For each source identified in the text, you also need to create a matching entry in the reference list. The reference list is an alphabetical presentation of all the sources used in a piece of writing.

Each entry in the reference list should contain enough identifying detail to allow your reader to locate the source if they wished.

Additional resources

Referencing information

Study skills website

Basic treatment (Australian Harvard)

As explained in the Australian Harvard overview, you need to insert a brief reference into your writing whenever you use a source. This is the in-text citation. It is made up of the author and the year of publication of the source. Include page numbers when you are quoting a source directly, or if the reference is long (e.g. a book or chapter) and it may be useful for the reader.

Basic author and year

(Author Year) or (Author Year, Page)

… which is confirmed by the most recent study (Jenkins 2013).

… was ‘fully confirmed by these results’ (Jenkins 2013, p. 213).    

Author in sentence

… the study by Jenkins (2013) confirmed these results.

Author needing initial

… seemingly different from Twain’s later work (Grech, M 1994).

• Enclose the author’s surname and year in round brackets without a comma between them.
• Insert the citation before the punctuation mark that ends the sentence (or part of sentence) where you used the source.
• If the author is already in sentence, give year alone in round brackets directly after the author’s name.
• Write the initials and surname in your sentence if you have sources by authors with the same surname. Use their first initial/s in the reference list, as with other authors.

More than one author

2 or 3 authors

(Hendricks & Angwin 1975) OR Hendricks and Angwin (1975) …

(Smith, Hendricks & Angwin 1975) OR Smith, Hendricks and Angwin (1975) …

• Name all authors in all in-text citations.
• In your text, separate each author by a comma.
• Join authors with ‘&’ in round brackets, or ‘and’ in the sentence.

4 or more authors

(Oakes et al. 1994) OR Oakes et al. (1994)

• In your in-text citations, name the first author followed by ‘et al.’ (Latin abbreviation meaning ‘and others’) in all mentions.
• Name all authors in the reference list, as given in the source.

Group author (government or organisation)

(Amnesty International 1997) OR Amnesty International (1997)

Long name, first citation

(World Health Organization [WHO] 2013)

Long name, subsequent citations

WHO (2009)

• Give full name of group if you only cite it once in your work, without initials or abbreviations.
• If you cite the same group source two or more times, include the initials in square brackets inside the round brackets for the first citation. For subsequent in-text citations, use only initials.
• Long group names can be abbreviated in the text (optional), but show them in full the first time. Similarly, if the name is long and well-known by an abbreviation, give its full name plus the abbreviation in square brackets in the first mention.
• In all later mentions, give the abbreviation only.
• If you use an abbreviation in a sentence, put an extra line in your reference list:
  ‘WHO – see World Health Organization’.
• Use the full group name for all entries in the reference list. Include initials in round brackets only if you used initials in your sentences.

Legislation/Criminal cases (government or organisation) 

Title in civil case law

Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187

Title in statutes

Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s 124(1)

• No punctuation is required when citing legislation/criminal case.
• Formatting of civil law cases appears the same in the reference list as in your text. See the section on how to present a reference list for more examples.

No author (Australian Harvard)

Whole title, first mention

(Style manual for authors, editors and printers 1996)  OR Style manual for authors, editors and printers (1996)

Part of title, subsequent mentions

(Style manual 1996) OR Style manual (1996)

• Use the title of the work in italics in place of the author.
• If you only cite a source using the title in place of the author once in your work, use the full title without initials or abbreviations.
• In second/subsequent citations of the same source, you can give an abbreviation of the title, e.g. the first two to three words. If you use an abbreviated title in your text, add a separate line in your reference list that refers to the full source. For example: ‘Style manual – see Style manual for authors, editors and printers (1996)’.

Page numbers 

Basic treatment

(Johnson 2003, p. 6) … (Kennett 1998, pp. 55­–63) … (Wong 2012, Figure 3)

• Page numbers are required for all direct quotes. Page numbers are not required when paraphrasing, however may be included where it would be useful for the reader.
• Add the page number after the year, separated by a comma.
• Use ‘p.’ before a page, or ‘pp.’ before a page range, ‘Chapter’, Figure’, or ‘Table’ to refer to a particular section or item. Indicate non-consecutive pages as (p.23, p.31).

Quotations

It was described as ‘a stunning victory’ (Harrison 1965, p. 15).

Harrison (1965) described it as ‘a stunning victory’ (p. 15).

• In direct quotations, use single quotation marks to indicate exact words from the source. Use double quotation marks for a quote within a quote.
• Short quotes (less than 30 words) are incorporated into your sentence, with the page reference included after the closing quotation mark.
• If author and year are already part of the sentence, give the page reference alone at the end of the sentence or section.
• Long quotes (30 words or more) are often referred to as block quotations, and should be separated from your writing with a semi colon, and placed on a new line. Indent the whole quote, use single line-spacing in one size smaller font, without quotation marks. The brackets with page reference details sit outside the full stop.

Carter, Chitwood, Kinzey and Cole (2000) note that:

In order to understand this neurophysiological mechanism, it is important to discuss the two proprioceptive bodies in the muscle: the muscle spindles and the Golgi tendon organs (GTOs). Muscle spindles are found within the muscle belly and provide information to the central nervous system (CNS) regarding the absolute length and the velocity of the stretch in the skeletal muscles (p. 275).

No page numbers

(Duer, 1974, ‘Introduction’, para. 12).

If no page numbers are shown on the source, you can pinpoint the information by doing one of the following:

• Give an approximate page number (p.3 or 9; pp. 3-7).
• Give a paragraph number/s if shown (para. 2).
• Give a relevant heading or sub-heading from the source, and paragraph number/s (as counted by you).

Multiple references in same parentheses

Studies by Keen (2005); Lee (2004); and Wojk (2003) indicate that…

… along with other studies (Keen 2005; Lee 2004; Wojk 2003).

• List each source alphabetically by author. Separate each work by a semicolon.
• Use ‘et al.’ for a source with four or more authors.
• All sources must be included in the reference list.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Author prominent

Matthews (2010a; 2010b) writes for both teenagers and very young children.

Information prominent

A crime committed in Australia is the basis for her first fictional account (Matthews 2010a); while in the second the narrative inches slothfully into adventure (Matthews 2010b).

Direct quote

Mathews' use of dialogue shifts from the idiomatic, 'she jumps a mile and screams' (2010a, p. 47).

Reference list

Matthews, P 2010a, A girl like me, Penguin Books, Camberwell.

Matthews, P 2010b, Zizzy, Omnibus Books, Malvern.

• Order alphabetically by the next element (title)
• Add 'a', 'b', 'c', etc. after the year of publication (e.g. 2010a, 2010b, 2010c).

In-text citation

Hilferty describes the nature of teacher professionalism as “an evolving idea that responds to political, social & historical contexts” (as quoted in Meldrum & Peters 2012, p. 109).

Reference entry

Meldrum, K & Peters, J 2012, Learning to teach health and physical education: The student, the teacher and the curriculum. Pearson Australia, Sydney.

• When using a source that you found in another (secondary) source, refer to the original in your writing but only give a reference entry and in-text citation for the source that you accessed (the secondary source).
• To make it clear that you have used a secondary source, include ‘as cited in’ (or ‘as quoted in’ for a quotation).

As explained in the Australian Harvard overview, each source that is referred to in the text needs a matching entry in the reference list. The entry should contain enough identifying information about the source to allow it to be located by someone else. The information is presented as parts in a set order to help the reader identify at a glance which piece of information relates to which part.

A basic Australian Harvard reference entry is made up of the following parts.

Author + Year + Title + Publisher information or DOI or URL 

All the details you need for each part should be found on the source itself.

Below are instructions for formatting the parts of an Australian Harvard reference entry. When you are ready to create your entries, read the instructions and copy the punctuation used in the examples. Note that almost every part ends with a comma followed by a space. The exceptions are:

• No punctuation after DOIs and URLs.
• No punctuation after the author’s initial (only a space).

Author

Who created the source?

• This identifies the creator or principal contributor of the source.
• It could be a person or a group (organisation or government).
• Some sources may have more than one author.

One author

Winton, T 2001, Dirt music, Picador, Sydney.

• Give the author’s surname, a comma, and the initial/s of the given name/s.

Two authors

Hall, JL & Ashton, BT 2005, A spoonful of valour …

• Name both authors and join second author by ‘&’.

Three or more authors

Donat, T, Jenkins, M, Baysch, V, Adamson, E & Farr, P 2010, Shared care…

• Name all authors. Separate by commas and join last author by ‘&’.

Group author (government or organisation)

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2004, Australia’s health …

• Give the name of the group in full followed immediately by the year of publication.

Legislation and criminal cases

Title in civil law case

Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187

Title in statutes

Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s 124(1)

• No punctuation is required when citing legislation/criminal case. Formatting of civil law cases appears the same in the reference list as in your text. See following for more examples.

Publication year/date

When was the source published?

• This identifies the year or specific date the source was made available in the version you accessed. (Use the copyright year/date if this is shown.)
• For online sources, use the year or specific date the content was created (for a page or document), or the date of posting (for a post).

Basic

Winton, T 2001, Dirt music, Picador, Sydney.

Greendale, N 2006, Road toll rising, The Age, 4 May, p. 13.

• The year of publication follows the surname and initial.
• Add month and day after the title for sources with specific publication dates. (Give only year in in-text citation.)

Same author, same year

Harris, DW 2001a, Hadrian’s wall …

Harris, DW 2001b, Julius Caesar …

• Add a lower case letter (‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, etc.) to the year to reflect the order the entry appears in the reference list.
• Use the year with the additional letter as normal in the text.

No year/date

Gardiner, IT n.d., Life in rural Australia …

• Use ‘n.d.’, (stands for ‘no date’) if no year/date can be found on the source. This is uncommon in academic sources.

Title

What is the source called?

• This is the full title in the words and spelling of the source.
• If your source is part of a larger work (e.g., article from a journal; chapter from a book), you need to include the title of each.

Title and subtitle

Harris, M 1983, The mighty Yarra: rivers of Victoria. …

Part of work and whole work

Gerd, NB 2001, ‘Method in action’, Journal of Health, …

• Give the title in italics in the wording and spelling shown on the source.
• Separate title and subtitle by a colon.
• Give initial capitals to the first word of the title and to any proper nouns.
• If the source is part of a larger work, such as an article in a journal, place the title of the article in single quote marks, and no italics. Place the name of the journal, or larger work, in italics.
• Translate the title if relevant, giving the English translation in brackets after the original title and without italics.

No title

Jensen, PR 1945, [Wartime navy reminiscences], Liberty Press, Brisbane.

• If no title, give a brief descriptive title in your own words in square brackets. No italics. This is uncommon in academic texts.

Publisher information

Who made the source available in the form I used?

• This identifies the publisher and their location.
• You need to include this information for print books and physical or broadcast media. You don’t need it for journals, newspapers or online sources.
• Where e-books are accessed by an e-book reader (e.g. Kindle, Nook, Sony Reader), include the edition and/or version, where relevant.
• The information can usually be found with the copyright information.

Gourley, D 2002, Action man, Bellinger, Chicago.

Temple, P 2009, Truth, Text, Melbourne.

Gull Group 1992, Annual report, Gull Group, Sydney.

Hampden-Turner, C & Trompenaars, A 2000, Building cross-cultural competence: how to create wealth from conflicting values, e-book, Yale University Press, New Haven, http://ebscohost.com

• Give publisher first, followed by the city of publication. Add further detail if required for clarification, e.g. Cambridge, Mass. or Cambridge, UK.
• If there is more than one city named on the source, give the first-named city. If the publisher is also the author, restate the author or group name.
• If the source is an e-book, state the digital format (including edition where relevant) after the title (e.g. e-book, Kindle 3G edition, Nook, PDF). Include publication details if supplied, as well as a DOI or URL.

DOI

Is there a Digital Object Identifier?

• The DOI acts as a permanent link to an item. Not all material has a DOI, but you need to include one whenever it has been assigned.
• If you provide a DOI, you don’t need to give the URL or the date viewed.
• If a DOI has been assigned, you should find it with the copyright information, or with other details on database or catalogue lists.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/529076

doi: 10.1037/0004-066X.60.6.561

• Use a DOI when one has been assigned, even for print material. No full stop at the end.
• Give exactly as found on the source. If using a DOI in the original format (beginning with ‘10’) introduce it by ‘doi:’ and add a space before the ‘10’. New format DOIs (beginning with ‘http’) don’t need ‘doi’ added in front.

Date viewed and URL

What is the address of the source online, and when did I view it?

• This is included for sources accessed online. It tells your reader the location of the source on the Internet and the date you accessed it. It is only included if the source has no DOI.
• Provide the URL that leads most directly and reliably to the source. Give the homepage URL if the item can be searched for easily from there or if a login is required or if the URL is unstable. Otherwise give the full URL.
• Do not include the date viewed unless the content you have used is likely to be edited or updated, or has no publication date.

…, viewed 5 May 2010, https://www.yourhealth.com.au

• Introduce URL with ‘viewed’ and the date in the above format.
• Remove hyperlinks so that there is no underlining or blue lettering (right click on the hyperlink, then click on ‘Remove hyperlink’.
• Break URLs (if needed) before a punctuation mark or symbol. No full stop at end.
• Include the date viewed if the content you have used is likely to be edited or updated, or has no publication date

How to set up the list

• Begin the list on a new page at the end of your work.
• Give the list the heading ‘References’ and make the heading left-aligned and bold.
• Use a line break between each reference.
• Australian Harvard is normally single-spaced, however use double line-spacing for your reference list if your lecturer has specified double-spacing in your assessment guidelines.
• If a DOI or URL needs to be broken, break before a slash or a punctuation mark.

What to include

• Give an entry for every recoverable source you have cited in the text.
• Do not add entries for material you have not used, however relevant.
• In entries that include website URLs, remove the hyperlinks so that there is no underlining or blue lettering (right click on the hyperlink, then click on ‘Remove hyperlink’).

How to arrange the entries

• List entries alphabetically by author.
• List entries with no author by title. (Ignore ‘A’ or ‘An’ or ‘The’ as first words.)
• If you have more than one entry with the same author, list by year (earliest first).
• If you have more than one entry with same author and year, list alphabetically by title, and add a lower case letter to each year; e.g., ‘a’ for first, ‘b’ for second, etc. (See Hillsdon entries below.)

Example of an Australian Harvard reference list

References

Anderson, TD 1985, Panel data: a primer, Paragon, New York.

Baxter, BH 2005, Models of economic analysis, Wiley, Sydney.

Breen, HP 1977, ‘An empirical test of the impact of managerial self-interest on corporate capital structure’, Journal of Finance, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 271-281.

Chen, JJ 2004, ‘Determinants of capital structure of Swedish companies’, Journal of Business Research, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 41-52.

Dorgan, D 1972, Future funds, Penguin, Melbourne.

Friedman, BM 1985, Corporate capital structure in the United States, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Hillsdon, M 2002, Statistical analysis primer, Lansdowne, Melbourne.

Hillsdon, M 2004a, Basic econometrics, 4th edn., Hill, Sydney.

Hillsdon, M 2004b, Computational methods. Landsdowne, Melbourne.

Johnson, A & Hanson, S 1995, ‘Determinants of capital structure: theory vs practice’, Scandinavian Journal of Management, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 91-102.

Keen, RP 2004, Strategy, structure and economic performance, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.

Lee, BL 1982, Credit risk and high yield bonds, Wiley, New York.

Linheiro, J & Bates, DM 2000, Mixed-effects models, Springer, New York.

Nguyen, BV 1994, Swedish economic reform, Griffin Press, Los Angeles.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The main characters in Tim Winton's new book met for the first time after Geogie's car broke down … (Winton 2001, p. 64).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the book.

Luther suddenly feels spooked after his first encounter with Georgie and asks himself: 'What is this lurching, plunging sensation, this panic …' (Winton 2001, p. 103).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, Title: Subtitle, # edn, vol. #, Publisher, City.

Example

Winton, T 2001, Dirt music, Picador, Sydney.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

African villages are often … (Goh 1984, p.  132).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the book.

Lee Goh (1984, p. 5) describes the landscape of Africa as 'extremely variable due to  …'.

Reference list

Template

Author Year, Title: Subtitle, # edn, vol. #, Publisher, City.

Example

Goh, L 1984, African voyages, 2nd edn, vol. 2, Greyguides, Montreal.

Notes on style

• Edition information is only given for editions other than the first edition. If no edition statement is shown on the book, assume it’s the first (and no statement is needed).

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to Mills and Smith (2001, p. 13) taboo in literature is …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the book.

'All the papers in our collection deal with power of breaching taboo and speaking the unspeakable' (Mills & Smith 2001, p. 13).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, Title: Subtitle, # edn, vol. #, Publisher, City.

Example

Mills, A & Smith, J (eds) 2001, Utter silence: voicing the unspeakable, Peter Lang, New York.

Notes on style

• Give editor/s in author position followed by ‘(ed.)’ or ‘(eds)’ – note: no full stop for plural abbreviations.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Brown (2001, p. 84) states that infectious diseases are often not spoken about in some families …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the book.

'Recent research has suggested the infectious diseases are a taboo topic in many families across the world …' (Brown 2001, p.  83).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, Title: Subtitle, # edn, vol. #, Publisher, City.

Example

Brown, J 2001, ‘Silence, taboo and infectious disease’, in A Mills & J Smith (eds), Utter silence: Voicing the unspeakable, Peter Lang, New York, pp. 83-91.

Notes on style

• Give editor/s in author position followed by ‘(ed.)’ or ‘(eds)’ – note: no full stop for plural abbreviations.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Hampden-Turner & Trompenaars (2000, p. 15) believe that building cross-cultural  competence ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the book.

'Building cross-cultural  competence is seen as an essential skill …' (Hampden-Turner & Trompenaars 2000,  p 15).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, Title, digital format, publication details if supplied, DOI/URL

Examples

Library e-book

Hampden-Turner, C & Trompenaars, A 2000, Building cross-cultural competence: how to create wealth from conflicting values, e-book, Yale University Press, New Haven, http://www.ebscohost.com

Accessed on e-reader

Fitzgerald, F S 1925, The great Gatsby, Kindle Edition, available from http://www.amazon.com

E-book without DOI

Kirkwood, R & Goldsworthy, S 2013, Fur seals and sea lions, PDF, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, http://uball.csiro.patron.eb20.com/Collections/ViewBook/295eae4d-f807-481b-95cc-05fb9d9f5f48

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Normoyle (2013, p. 30)  states that nurses are ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

'I teamed up with an IT specialist friend and the myShift concept was born' (Normoyle 2013, p. 30).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, ‘Article title’, Journal Name, vol. X, no. X, pp. xx–xx. DOI or URL

Example

Normoyle, C 2013, ‘Nurses' wellbeing’, Australian Nursing Journal, vol. 20, no.10, pp. 30.

Notes on style

• If source is an abstract, letter, or review, add ‘abstract’, ‘letter to the editor’ or ‘review of …’ (name work reviewed)’ after title.
• Capitalise first letter of all major words in the journal name.
• Give volume number (vol.) and issue number (no.) as an abbreviation, no italics.
• Give page range of article if page numbers are shown (with ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’).
• Give DOI for print as well as online articles if one has been assigned.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to Krueger and Gray (2013, p. 201) the influenza virus originated in pigs during ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

'Influenza-like illness in pigs was first recognised ...' (Krueger & Gray 2013, p. 201).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, ‘Article title’, Journal Name, vol. X, no. X, pp. xx–xx. DOI or URL

Example

Krueger, WS & Gray, GC 2013, ‘Swine influenza virus infections in man’, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol. 370, pp. 201-225, doi: 10.1007/82_2012_268

Notes on style

• If source is an abstract, letter, or review, add ‘abstract’, ‘letter to the editor’ or ‘review of …’ (name work reviewed)’ after title.
• Capitalise first letter of all major words in the journal name.
• Give volume number (vol.) and issue number (no.) as an abbreviation, no italics.
• Give page range of article if page numbers are shown (with ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’).
• Give DOI for print as well as online articles if one has been assigned.
• For online articles, give URL only if no DOI. Introduce URL with ‘viewed (date)’ if the article is accessible only via login or behind a paywall.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Moran (2014, p. 68) discusses a new model for teaching rounds in Australia that could benefit ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

'A primary aim of teacher education institutions is to create quality courses that effectively prepare preservice teachers (PSTs) for their future career.' (Moran 2014, p. 68).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, ‘Article title’, Journal Name, vol. X, no. X, pp. xx–xx. DOI or URL

Example

Moran, W 2014, ‘Enhancing understanding of teaching and the profession through school innovation rounds’, Australian Journal of Teacher Education, vol. 39, no.3, pp. 68-85, available from http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/

Notes on style

• If source is an abstract, letter, or review, add ‘abstract’, ‘letter to the editor’ or ‘review of …’ (name work reviewed)’ after title.
• Capitalise first letter of all major words in the journal name.
• Give volume number (vol.) and issue number (no.) as an abbreviation, no italics.
• Give page range of article if page numbers are shown (with ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’).
• Give DOI for print as well as online articles if one has been assigned.
• For online articles, give URL only if no DOI. Introduce URL with ‘viewed (date)’ if the article is accessible only via login or behind a paywall.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Patients with Chronic Obstructive Airways Disease (COAD) are at risk of ... (Gray & Bolitho 2003, p. 58).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

Gray and Bolitho (2003, p. 58) report on  'a new treatment for Chronic Obstructive Airways Disease (COAD) which is now available ...'.

Reference list

Template

Author Year, ‘Article title’, [Abstract], Journal Name, vol. X, no. X, pp. xx–xx. DOI or URL

Example

Gray, E & Bolitho, AJ 2003, ‘Patients with COAD’, [Abstract], Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, vol. 1, no. 55, p. 58, viewed 26 September 2015, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Notes on style

• If source is an abstract, letter, or review, add ‘abstract’, ‘letter to the editor’ or ‘review of …’ (name work reviewed)’ after title.
• Capitalise first letter of all major words in the journal name.
• Give volume number (vol.) and issue number (no.) as an abbreviation, no italics.
• Give page range of article if page numbers are shown (with ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’).
• Give DOI for print as well as online articles if one has been assigned.
• For online articles, give URL only if no DOI. Introduce URL with ‘viewed (date)’ if the article is accessible only via login or behind a paywall.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The assassination of President Kennedy has rocked … (Hunt 1963, p. 1).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper.

'The world mourns the loss of President Kennedy who was shot …' (Hunt 1963, p. 1).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, ‘Article title’, Newspaper/Magazine Name, #, Date, pp. DOI or URL

Example

Hunt, J 1963, ‘Assassin kills Kennedy’, The Chicago Tribune, 22 November, pp. 1, 4–6.

Notes on style

• Start with title if no author shown.
• Year/date: Give year after the author. The date, as shown on source (i.e., month and/or day), appears after the name of the newspaper/magazine.
• Title: Give title of article in single quote marks (no italics). Capitalise first letter of first word and any proper nouns. Add description for reviews, letters, etc., or give alone if no title.
• Newspaper/magazine name (in italics). Capitalise first letter of all major words. If separate section, add name of section (no italics) after title (see: Separate section).
• Page numbers. Use ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’ in front. If non-consecutive, separate by commas (see: Basic article).

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Rousseau (2008, p. 4) can recommend many restaurants and cafes in Melbourne that serve wonderful African dishes full of exotic spices ..

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper.

There are 'a bunch of African bakeries and groceries have sprung up in Footscray' that offer ... (Rousseau 2008, p. 4).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, ‘Article title’, Newspaper/Magazine Name, #, Date, pp. DOI or URL

Example

Rousseau, N 2008, ‘Arrival of the spice setters’, The Age, Epicure section, 3 June, p. 4.

Notes on style

• Start with title if no author shown.
• Year/date: Give year after the author. The date, as shown on source (i.e., month and/or day), appears after the name of the newspaper/magazine.
• Title: Give title of article in single quote marks (no italics). Capitalise first letter of first word and any proper nouns. Add description for reviews, letters, etc., or give alone if no title.
• Newspaper/magazine name (in italics). Capitalise first letter of all major words. If separate section, add name of section (no italics) after title (see: Separate section).
• Page numbers. Use ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’ in front. If non-consecutive, separate by commas (see: Basic article).
• If article is digital replica of print edition, give publication date of print edition and include page numbers (see: Online replica of print edition). If article is posted on media outlet’s website, give date of post (see: Online edition).

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Craig (1968, p. 2) reports on the memorial service held for Prime Minister Harold Holt who was remembered as ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper.

'When Mrs Holt, a small, most dignified figure in black - her face, under the mourning veil showing signs of the terrible strain ...' (Craig 1968, p. 2).

Reference list

Template

Author (Year, Month, Day), ‘Article title’, Newspaper/Magazine Name, #, Date, pp. DOI or URL

Example

Craig, B (1968, January 10), ‘Australia and the world shares Mrs Holt’s sorrow’, The Australian Women’s Weekly, 10 January, pp. 2–3, viewed 22 March 2015, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/

Notes on style

• Start with title if no author shown.
• Year/date: Give year after the author. The date, as shown on source (i.e., month and/or day), appears after the name of the newspaper/magazine.
• Title: Give title of article in single quote marks (no italics). Capitalise first letter of first word and any proper nouns. Add description for reviews, letters, etc., or give alone if no title.
• Newspaper/magazine name (in italics). Capitalise first letter of all major words. If separate section, add name of section (no italics) after title (see: Separate section).
• Page numbers. Use ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’ in front. If non-consecutive, separate by commas (see: Basic article).
• If article is digital replica of print edition, give publication date of print edition and include page numbers (see: Online replica of print edition). If article is posted on media outlet’s website, give date of post (see: Online edition).

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to Rosen (2014) the elderly find it difficult to get a seat at Starbucks because ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper.

'Invariably there are no seats because they are occupied by young people with their laptops and cellphones using the cafe as their private office' (Rosen 2014).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, ‘Article title’, Newspaper/Magazine Name, #, Date, pp. DOI or URL

Example

Rosen, L 2014, ‘Occupy Starbucks’, letter to the editor, The New York Times, 22 January, viewed 14 May 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/23/opinion/occupy-starbucks.html

Notes on style

• Start with title if no author shown.
• Year/date: Give year after the author. The date, as shown on source (i.e., month and/or day), appears after the name of the newspaper/magazine.
• Title: Give title of article in single quote marks (no italics). Capitalise first letter of first word and any proper nouns. Add description for reviews, letters, etc., or give alone if no title.
• Newspaper/magazine name (in italics). Capitalise first letter of all major words. If separate section, add name of section (no italics) after title (see: Separate section).
• Page numbers. Use ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’ in front. If non-consecutive, separate by commas (see: Basic article).
• If article is digital replica of print edition, give publication date of print edition and include page numbers (see: Online replica of print edition). If article is posted on media outlet’s website, give date of post (see: Online edition).

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

In a case that involves a long-running dispute over ... (Todd v Nicol [1957] SASR 72, para. 5).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the title of the case, year, page number, section heading (if applicable) and paragraph number.

Hungry Jacks argued that Burger King 'must act reasonably in exercising its powers under the Development Agreement; and that there was an implied obligation  ...' (Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187, para 141).

Reference list

Template

Plaintiff v Defendant (Year). Volume. Law report. Page number.

Plaintiff v Defendant [Year]. Series (if present). Law report. Page number.

Examples

Oceanic Sun Line Special Shipping Co Inc v Fay (1988) 165 CLR 197

Esso Petroleum Ltd v Commissioners of Customs and Excise [1976] 1 AII ER 117

Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187

Todd v Nicol [1957] SASR 72

Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562

Notes on style

** Check with your teacher or lecturer to confirm their particular requirements.

• Formatting of civil law cases appears the same in the reference list as in your text.
• Start with the name of the plaintiff, followed by v (stands for ‘and’ or ‘against’), then the name of the defendant, all in italics.
• The year is next in brackets. If the law report series is ordered according to year (such as in the UK Appeal Cases), the year the case was reported, is in square brackets. If the series is based on volume number (such as in the Commonwealth Law Reports), the year the case was decided is in round brackets.
• After the year may be a volume number (as in Ex 30/1 above). Volume numbers may be used in two situations: (1) if the series is based on years but has more than one volume for a given year, or (2) where the whole series appears in sequentially numbered volumes. Otherwise, where the series is based on year of reporting, it could simply be the abbreviation for the law report as in Ex 30/3, 30/4 and 30/5 above. Include the page number in the law report where the case begins.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s. 124(1) outlines the powers that a company has in regards to ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the title of the Act, year, jurisdiction and section number(s) (if applicable).

Section 1 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) outlines the purpose of this Act: 'The object of this Act is to enhance the welfare of Australians through the promotion of competition and fair trading and provision for consumer protection' (2).

Reference list

Template

Act title and year (Jurisdiction) s. xx

Examples

Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s. 124(1)

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth)

Notes on style

• Formatting of statutes appears the same in the reference list as in your text.
• Start with the name of the statute in Italics, followed by the year the statute was passed. Then in brackets, state the abbreviation for the parliament which passed the Act, and finally the section number and subsection number if referring to a particular section of the statute.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Trekking on the Kokoda track can be … (FitzSimons 2011).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

FitzSimons (2011)  believes that 'the history of the Kokoda track can be traced back to …' (min. 4.50).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, Title, Reader, Format, Label, City OR DOI/URL

Examples

CD

FitzSimons, P 2011, Kokoda, L FitzGerald, reader, CD, ABC Audio, Sydney.

Online

Dickens, C 2013, Oliver Twist, P Batchelor, reader, audio file, available from http://www.audible.com

Notes on style

• Treat author, year and title as for basic book.
• Add reader’s name, and recording format.
• If physical media (e.g., CD), give name and place of record label.
• If accessed online, give retrieval details (‘viewed [date], URL); use ‘available from’ if purchase is required.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The supermarket war has led to many casualties … (Cohen 2013).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

Cohen (2013, sec. 0.20)  stated that due to the recent 'supermarket war many small farmers are suffering … '.

Reference list

Template

Primary Contributor (role) Year, ‘Episode title’, Program title, form, viewed date, DOI/URL

Example

Cohen, H (presenter) 2013, ‘Casualties in the supermarket war’, Background Briefing, audio podcast, viewed 29 December, available from https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/backgroundbriefing/

Notes on style

• Give the date viewed and URL of the item (or the home page if the item is searchable from there).
• Use ‘available from’ if accessible only via purchase or subscription, login, or search.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Guy Sebastian's (2012) song touches on a father's love for his child and ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

'Won't let the big bad world get you no way' (Sebastian 2012, sec. 0:59).

Reference list

Template

Songwriter or Performer Year, ‘Title of song’ recorded by Artist Name, on Title of album, form, Label, City OR DOI/URL (Recording year if different from copyright year)

Examples

Single track (LP)

Duke, V 1934, ‘Autumn in New York’, recorded by F. Sinatra, on Come fly with me, vinyl recording, Capitol, Los Angeles. (1958)

Single track (online)

Sebastian, G 2012, ‘Big bad world’, on Armageddon, MP3, available from http://store.apple.com/au

Album (CD)

Perry, K 2013, Prism, CD, Capitol, Los Angeles.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Seinfeld and Callner (1998) have been involved in recent Broadway play …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

'I'm telling you for the last time don't ...' (Seinfeld & Callner 1998, min. 20:15).

Reference list

Template

Performer (role) Year Title, by Author, format, date, label/company, City, viewed date OR DOI/URL

Examples

Performance (CD) 

Seinfeld, J (performer) & Callner, M (director) 1998, I’m telling you for the last time: Live on Broadway, CD, performance recorded August 9, 1998, Universal, Los Angeles.

Live performances

These are not recoverable so they are not included in the reference list but can be referred to in the text. Add any identifying details not already in the surrounding sentence in round brackets (e.g., ‘In her Adelaide performance (Festival Theatre, May 6, 2008), Anne Ford …’

Notes on style

• Recordings of live performances: These are recoverable so can be included in the reference list. Format entry according to the category of material. Add original recording date if different or more specific than publication date.
• Performer role in this context could be director, choreographer, performer, etc.
• Format in this context could be theatre performance, dance performance, concert performance, etc.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Martin Luther King's often quoted catch phrase 'I have a dream' … (King 1963, August 28).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

'Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner) is a speech made by John F. Kennedy in 1963 where he declared …' (Kennedy 1963, June 26).

Reference list

Template

Performer (role) Year Title, by Author, format, date, label/company, City, viewed date OR DOI/URL

Examples

Speech recording (vinyl) 

Churchill, W (speech) 1964, ‘In a solemn hour’, on Winston Churchill: A selection from his famous wartime speeches, vinyl recording, recorded 19 May, 1940, Decca, London.

Speech recording (online video)

Kennedy, J. F (speech) 1963, Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner), video file, 26 June, viewed 12 April 2015, http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkberliner.html

Speech recording (online audio)

King, M. L. Jr (speech) 1963, I have a dream, audio file, 28 August, viewed 25 March 2014, http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

WIN News (2013) reported that recent council elections ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

Councillor Julie Smith stated that: 'I am pleased to represent Alfredton residents. Over the next twelve months I aim to ...' (WIN News 2013, min. 13.15).

Reference list

Template

Title Year, description, Broadcast Station, City, broadcast date OR viewed date, URL (if from an online source).

Examples

Television broadcast

WIN news 2013, television broadcast, WIN Television, Ballarat, viewed 12 November.

Radio broadcast

Sunday profile 2009, radio broadcast, ABC Local Radio, Melbourne, viewed 18 August.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Sherman-Palladino and Mancuso (2002) wrote an episode of the Gilmore girls that dealt with anxiety issues…

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

'Loralai, how is your anxiety today?' (Sherman-Palladino & Mancuso 2002, min. 9.25).

Reference list

Template

Primary Contributor (role) Year, ‘Episode number OR title’, Title of series, Form, Production/Distribution Company, broadcast date OR DOI/URL.

Examples

Television broadcast

Sherman-Palladino, A (writer) & Mancuso, G (director) 2002, ‘Application anxiety’, Gilmore girls, television series episode, Nine Network, 12 June 2012.

Online video

Horowitz, A (writer) & Orme, S. (director) 2014, ‘The eternity ring’, Foyle’s war, television series video file, ABC TV, viewed 9 February 2013, http://www.abc.net.au/iview/#/view/79688397

DVD (single episode)

Gilligan, V (writer) & MacLaren, M (director) 2012, ‘Madrigal’, Breaking bad, television series episode, DVD, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, California.

DVD (whole series)

Gilligan, V (producer) 2008-2013, Breaking bad, television series, DVD, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, California.

Notes on style

• Give name/s of episode’s principal contributors (e.g., director and/or writer) and their roles in brackets, as the author. Give the name of the producer when referencing an entire series.
• The episode title appears in single quote marks, no italics. Examples above show various roles to illustrate options. Give the series title (in italics) and form.
• Broadcast: Give station and broadcast date.
• Online: Give URL of site where you viewed item.
• DVD: Give studio and year of production (or year range for whole series).

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Marty McFly walked towards the car when suddenly … (Zemeckis, Gale & Spielberg 1985).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

'Wait a minute, Doc. Are you telling me that you built a time machine… out of a DeLorean?' (Zemeckis, Gale & Spielberg 1985, min. 10.06).

Reference list

Template

Title Year, form, Distributor/Studio, Country, credits and other information.

Examples

Film

Back to the future 1985, motion picture, Universal Pictures, United States, R Zemeckis (writer/director), R Gale (writer) & S Spielberg.

DVD/Blu-ray release

Man of steel 2013, Blu-ray, Warner Bros., United States, Z Snyder (director) & DS Goyer (writer).

DVD/Blu-ray reissue

Vertigo 2003, DVD, Universal Home Entertainment; Paramount, 1958, United States, A Hitchcock (producer/director).

Online

Argo 2012, video file, B Affleck (director), C Terrio (writer) & G Clooney (producer), available from http://store.apple.com/au

Notes on style

• Give title in italics. Add form of version accessed (no italics). If re-issued, add studio and year of original release.
• Give place and name of studio or, if accessed online, give URL of site where accessed.
• Use ‘Available from’ instead of ‘viewed’ if accessible only via subscription or paywall.
• Give primary contributors (e.g., director, writer, producer, and/or starring actors) and their roles if the information is useful. Examples above show various roles to illustrate options.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Fallout: New Vegas (2010) is a great new video game that features ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

Ulysses cried out: 'Who are you, that you do not know your history?' (Fallout: New Vegas 2010, min. 13.05).

Reference list

Template

Title Year, form, video game, Publisher, Place.

Example

Fallout: New Vegas 2010, CD-ROM, video game, Rockville, Maryland, Bethesda Softworks.

Notes on style

• Give title in italics, then year of production (no italics).
• Give form and description. Give name and place of producer, or URL if accessed online.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

A video on BuzzFeedVideo (2016) shows some hilarious video people are trying to walk their cats on a lead.

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

'I have tried so many times to walk mt cat on a lead but ...' (BuzzFeedVideo 2016, min. 3.05).

Reference list

Template

Poster (screen name) year, Title, form, date of posting, site authority, viewed date, URL

Examples

BuzzFeedVideo 2016, People try to walk their cats, video file, 12 April, YouTube, viewed 28 June 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9C1leq--_wM

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2014, Robonaut supports telemedicine advances, video file, viewed 17 January, YouTube, viewed 30 February 2015, http://youtube/9gbfL590Fgg

** Also, see examples in: Lecture or class material - Online lecture or Speech - Speech recording (online video)

Notes on style

• Give name of poster (real name plus screen name, or just screen name if real name is unknown).
• Give year of posting. Give title in italics, followed by form (no italics), and date of posting (if available), followed by the overall site owner or authority.
• Give URL of individual post (archived URL if available—click date stamp to access).

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

In Federation University Australia's (2016, p. 3) annual report for 2015 the Vice Chancellor summarises ...

Direct quote

• Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format.
• Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) of the direct quote if taken from a PDF document.
• If the document does NOT contain page numbers, then use the name of the section and the paragraph number as part of the in-text reference.

'Over the past 12 months there have been many highlights including ...' (Federation University Australia 2016, p. 3).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, Title, date viewed, DOI or URL

Examples

Federation University Australia 2016, Annual report 2015, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, viewed 30 February 2016, https://federation.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/297610/FedUni_AnnualReport_2015.pdf

Phillips, A, Bohning, G, Allan, C & Edwards, G 2006, Agnote: the European rabbit - pastoral pest, leaflet, Northern Territory Government, viewed 30 February 2015, http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Anim_Man/437.pdf

Notes on style

• Give the author and year shown on the document (which may be different from the site hosting it).
• Give the title in italics. Give the form if useful.
• Give the source sponsor or provider, and location, if supplied.
• Give the date viewed and the full URL (without a full stop at the end).

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Wilcken (2011) claims that jogging can trigger osteoarthritis due to the ...

Direct quote

• Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format.
• Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' '.
• If the document does NOT contain page numbers, then use the name of the section and the paragraph number as part of the in-text reference.

'The link between jogging and osteoarthritis in older people has been investigated recently with ...' (Wilcken 2011).

Reference list

Template

Author Year/Date, Title, (form, if needed) Date viewed, URL

Examples

Department of Health and Ageing 2009, Aged care, Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra, viewed 27 December 2009, http://www.yourhealth.gov.au/

Wilcken, H 2011, Does jogging up the risk of knee osteoarthritis?, 27 June, Medical Observer, viewed 31 June 2016,  http://www.medicalobserver.com.au/medical-news/does-jogging-up-the-risk-of-knee-osteoarthritis

Notes on style

• Give the name of the person or group who created the content on the post or page.
• Give the year posted or updated.
• Give the title of post/page in italics. If material is non-routine, add description of form.
• Give the specific date of the post or page (as displayed on the individual post or page).
• Give the source sponsor or provider, and location, if supplied. Give URL of post/page (archived URL if available; click date stamp to access) or of home page, whichever is more direct/reliable. Give date viewed even if post/page has a specific date.

In-text citations

In-text citation required only:

The video-sharing website YouTube (http://www.youtube.com) is …

Reference list

No reference entry required:

• When making a general reference to a website as a whole (i.e., not to a specific document, page or post on the site), give the URL in round brackets after the mention; no reference entry is needed.

In-text citations

Details of Victorian towns are clearly marked on the attached map (McCarron, Bird and co. 1916, Figure 1).

Figure layout

Fig. 1. Victoria (McCarron, Bird and co. 1916).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, Title, Form, DOI OR publisher, place OR viewed date, URL

Examples

Online

Victorian Electoral Commission 2012, City of Casey: Local council boundaries, map, viewed 22 July 2015, https://www.vec.vic.gov.au/images/profile/CaseySummary.gif

Print

Timms, PE 2006, Colonial settlement in Tasmania, Tiger Press, Hobart.

Notes on style

• Online: Give author/poster and the year of publication. Give title of the item (in italics). Add form (e.g., ‘map’, ‘photograph’) without brackets. If no title or caption, give a short description (no italics).
• Give either DOI or publishing details. If no DOI and online, give viewed date and URL.
• Print: Give an in-text citation and reference entry for the print source containing the item, not the item itself. Add the identifying number to in-text citation: ‘… (Timms, 2006, Figure 2)’.
• If using the abbreviated name of a government body in your text, e.g. the VEC for the Victorian Electoral Commission, follow the same reference list guidelines as for a group author (see the in-text citation section).

In-text citations

Brack's (1955) painting 'The Fish Shop' is painted with oils ...

Figure layout

Fig. 1. The thundershower (Sayen 1916).

Reference list

Template

Artist Year, Title of artwork, medium, Gallery, City, date viewed. OR DOI/URL

Examples

Original artwork (viewed in person)

Brack, J 1955, The fish shop, oil on composition board, Museum of Modern Art Melbourne, Australia.

Online reproduction

Brack, J 1955, The fish shop, digital image of painting, National Gallery of Victoria, viewed 26 March 2015, http://www.ngv/collections/johnbrack

Print reproduction

Bryant, H (ed.) 1993, Australian artists, Larwitt, Melbourne, Australia.

Notes on style

• Original: Give name of artist, year artwork was created, title of artwork (italics), medium, (no italics), and the location and name of the museum or gallery.
• Online reproduction: Give artist, year, title, medium, and DOI/URL.
• Print reproduction: Give a reference entry for the print source (e.g., book) containing reproduction, not the artwork itself. Name the artist and artwork in the text and add the page or plate number to the in-text citation for the print source; e.g., ‘(Bryant 1993, p. 46)’.

• You do not need to include personal photographs in the reference list as they are not retrievable by anybody else. 

Personal photograph taken by yourself

In-text citation

While touring the Netherlands recently I visited the De Adriaan Windmill (Figure 1) which  ...

Figure layout

Fig. 1 De Adriaan Windmill, Haarlem, Netherlands, 26 July 2019 (pers. photo.).

Notes on style

• Do refer the reader to the photograph.
• Provide a citation under the photograph.
• Personal photographs are not recoverable, so they are not included in the reference list.

Personal photograph taken by someone else

In-text citation

The Netherlands is a country full of canals, for example, in Amsterdam (Figure 2) there seems to be one on every corner.

Figure layout

Fig. 2 One of the many canals in Amsterdam, Netherlands, 28 July 2019 (copyright permission of P Johnson, pers. photo.).

Notes on style