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Introduction

You can use the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 7^th ed. to clarify referencing rules or if you need more examples. This guide is based on this publication. Alternatively, you can check the APA 7^th Style Blog.

APA is an in-text citation style. This means you insert a brief reference (‘citation’) into your writing whenever you use a source. The citation should appear within the body of the document and includes details such as the author’s family name, year of publication (in round brackets), and page numbers (if applicable).

For each source cited in the text, you need to create a corresponding entry in the reference list. The reference list is an alphabetical presentation of all the sources used in a piece of writing.

Each entry in the reference list should contain enough identifying detail to allow your reader to locate the source if they wished.

Additional resources

APA Style Blog

General rules for in-text citations

When you are paraphrasing or using a direct quote in your writing you must acknowledge each author or source of information (whether print or online).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author in your own words. When you are paraphrasing you must acknowledge each author or source of information with a citation.

Use round brackets to add the author’s family name and the year of publication, or use the author’s family name as part of your sentence, followed by the year of publication in round brackets.

When paraphrasing, the citation details can be used at the beginning, middle or end of the sentence.

Citation at the beginning

Brophy (2010) states that student motivation . . .

Citation in the middle

. . . motivation is evident (Brophy, 2010), and as a result, can contribute significantly to achieving learning goals.

Citation at the end

. . . where a number of subjective experiences can inform motivational outcomes (Brophy, 2010).

Citations can also be structured according to whether they give prominence to the author, or to the information being conveyed.

Author-prominent or narrative citations

This type of citation incorporates the name of the author as part of the sentence followed by the date in brackets.

In his research, Brophy (2010) argues that . . .

With author-prominent citations, after the first citation in a paragraph you do not need to include the year in subsequent author-prominent citations in the same paragraph as long as the study cannot be confused with others.

Felton and Royal (2015) argue that…. The population studied by Felton and Royal was…..

Information-prominent or parenthetical citations

This type of citation has the author's name and date inside brackets.

. . . findings are based on the qualitative study of behavioural learning (Brophy, 2010).

All information-prominent citations should include the year, regardless of how often they appear in a paragraph.

. . . identifies skills intrinsic to current nursing practitioners (Felton & Royal, 2015).

Including page numbers in a paraphrase citation

When paraphrasing, page numbers may also be included as part of the citation, especially if it helps the reader locate the source of the information in a lengthy document. Including page numbers when paraphrasing is optional and is not a requirement of the APA referencing style.

In order to establish a learning community in the classroom, it is important to motivate students by addressing both individual and collaborative learning goals (Brophy, 2010, pp. 23-24).

Direct quotes

General rules for in-text citations

When you are using a direct quote in your writing, you must acknowledge each author or source of information.

Direct quotes are used if you are using the exact words of the author. Put direct quotes between double quotation marks “ ” and add a page number. Do not overuse direct quotes.

“Student motivation to learn can be viewed as either a general disposition or a situation-specific state” (Brophy, 2010, p. 12).

If the work you are referencing does not contain page numbers, then use chapter numbers, section headings, and paragraph numbers as part of the citation.

"As the national peak body for early childhood, ECA is a regular, and trusted, contributor to the public policy debate on all matters affecting young children (birth to eight years) and their families" (Early Childhood Australia, 2016, Advocacy section, para. 1).

If you omit words from a direct quote, you need to add a space followed by three ellipsis dots ( . . . ) and another space.

Cannon (2012) argues that "changes in corporate approaches to such sensitive areas . . . will require coherent change strategies" (p. 165).

Quotations more than 40 words in length need to be in block form: without using quotation marks, begin the quote on a new line, and indent and double-space the entire quote. At the end of the quote, include citation details in brackets.

Basic treatment for in-text citations

You need to insert a brief reference into your writing, whenever you use a source. This is the in-text citation. It is made up of the author and the year of publication of the source. Page numbers are added when you are referring to a specific part of the source.

Template

(Author, Year) or (Author, Year, Page)

Enclose the author’s family name and the year of publication in round brackets, separated by a comma.
Insert before the punctuation mark ending the sentence (or part of sentence) where you used the source.
If the author is already in the sentence, give the year alone in round brackets directly after the author’s name.
If you are adding a page number, insert a comma after the year, the abbreviation p. (for a single page) or pp. (for multiple pages) followed by the page number(s).

Basic citations

… which is confirmed by the most recent study (Jenkins, 2013).

… was “fully confirmed by these results” (Jenkins, 2013, p. 213).

… the study by Jenkins (2013) confirmed these results.

Author needing initial

Add the initials of the author’s given name to the family name if you have sources by authors with the same family name.

… seemingly different from Twain’s later work (M. Grech, 1994).

More than one author

Two authors

Always cite both family names every time the citation occurs in the text.
Join authors by ‘&’ if the full citation is in round brackets, or ‘and’ if the author’s name is part of the sentence.

(Hendricks & Angwin, 1975) OR Hendricks and Angwin (1975) …

Three or more authors 

Cite only the family name of the first author followed by et al. and the year of publication.

(Donat et al., 2002)

Group author (Government or organisation)

Give the full name of the group in all mentions, without initials or abbreviations.
However, if the name is long and well-known by an abbreviation, give its full name then the abbreviation in square brackets in the first mention. In all later mentions, give abbreviation only. Only do this if you use the abbreviated name in your sentences.

(Amnesty International, 1997) OR Amnesty International (1997) ALL MENTIONS

(World Health Organization [WHO], 2013)

Legislation/criminal cases (government or organisation)

No punctuation is required when citing legislation/criminal cases.
Formatting of civil law cases is the same in the reference list as in your text. See the section on how to present a reference list for more examples.

Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187 TITLE in CIVIL CASE LAW

Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s 124(1) TITLE in STATUTES

No author

If the source has no author, give the first few words of the title.
Use italics for whole works, and quotation marks around parts of works, such as book chapters.

Capitalise the first letter of each major word.

(Reading Rates, 2012) OR Reading Rates (2012) WHOLE WORK

(“Last Gasp,” 2004) OR “Last Gasp” (2004) PART OF WORK

Multiple authors in same citation

List each source alphabetically by author. Separate each work by a semicolon.

List multiple sources from the same author by year (earliest first). Separate by commas.

… along with other studies (Keen, 2005; Lee, 2004; Wojk, 2003, 2006).

Multiple works by same author in same year

When an author has published more than one cited work in the same year, distinguish each work by using a lower case letter after the year within the brackets. The letter should correspond to the letter assigned to the work in the reference list.

In the reference list, works by the same author in the same year are listed alphabetically by title, with the letter ‘a’ being assigned to the first work listed, ‘b’ to the second, etc.

In a study by Crowley (2011a), it was found that . . .

It is suggested that . . . (Crowley, 2011b).

No year/date

Use ‘n.d.’ (stands for ‘no date’) if no year/date can be found on the source.

(Smith, n.d.) or Smith (n.d.)

Quotations

Add the page or other location/ label references when quoting from a specific part of the source.
Add after the year, separated by a comma.
Use ‘p.’ before a page, ‘pp.’ before a page range, or ‘para.’, ‘Chapter’, Figure’, or ‘Table’ if there are no page numbers in the source.

(Johnson, 2003, p. 6) … (Kennett, 1998, pp. 55–63) … (Wong, 2012, Figure 3)

Add the citation after the closing quotation mark.

It was described as “a stunning victory” (Harrison, 1965, p. 15).

Harrison (1965) described it as “a stunning victory” (p. 15).

If the quote is more than forty words, indent and set as a separate doubled-spaced paragraph with no quotation marks, as below.

Carter et al. (2000) note that:

No page numbers

If no page numbers are shown on the source, give paragraph number if these are shown.
If no paragraph numbers, give the closest heading and paragraph number (as counted by you).

(Duer, 1974, “Introduction,” para. 12).

Multiple references in same parentheses

List multiple citations in alphabetical order, with a semi-colon (;) to separate them.

… along with other studies (Keen, 2005; Lee, 2004; Wojk, 2003, 2006).

Multiple works by same author in same year

When an author has published more than one cited article in the same year, distinguish each article by using a lower case letter after the year within the brackets (this is also written in the reference list).

In a study by Crowley (2011a), it was found that . . .

It is suggested that . . . (Crowley, 2011b).

Secondary citations

A secondary citation is where you refer to a source that you haven't read but which is cited in another, more recent source.

You should avoid secondary citations wherever possible; only use them when you are unable to find and read the original (primary) source. You should also only use a secondary citation if you are using a direct quotation or there is significant importance to the original source.

Reading the original source is good scholarly practice; it gives you the full context without any reinterpretations.
Use the reference list in the secondary source to identify the original source so that you can find it - ask a librarian if you need help with this.

In-text citations

"Whether the formats differ in effectiveness at the conclusion....." (Seamons, 2004, as quoted in Austin & Gustafson, 2006, p. 27).

Hilferty describes the nature of teacher professionalism as “an evolving idea that responds to political, social & historical contexts” (as quoted in Meldrum & Peters, 2012, p. 109).

Include the words 'as quoted in' in the in-text citation (or 'as cited in' if it is not a direct quote). This makes it clear that you have used a secondary source.
Include the year of publication of the original source if known.
When quoting directly, include the page number indicating where the quote appears in the secondary source.
Remember that you should use secondary citations sparingly, and only if you are using a direct quotation or there is significant importance to the original source.

Reference list

Austin, A. M., & Gustafson, L. (2006). Impact of course length on student learning. Journal of Economics and Finance Education, 5(1), 26-37.

Meldrum, K., & Peters, J. (2012). Learning to teach health and physical education: The student, the teacher and the curriculum. Pearson Australia.

Notes on style

Include only the secondary source in your reference list.
Do not include the original source, as your reference list must only include works you have read yourself.

Creating a reference list

Each source that is cited in the text needs a corresponding entry in the reference list. The entry should contain enough identifying information about the source to allow it to be located by someone else. The information is presented as parts in a set order to help the reader identify at a glance which piece of information relates to which part.

A basic APA reference entry is made up of the following parts:

Author + Year + Title+ Publisher Information or DOI or URL

Below are instructions for formatting the parts of an APA reference entry. When you are ready to create your entries, read the instructions and copy the punctuation used in the examples. Note that every part ends with a full stop, except DOIs and URLs, and a space follows each punctuation mark.

Author

Who created the source?

This identifies the creator or principal contributor of the source.
It could be a person or a group (organisation or government).
Some sources may have more than one author.

One author

Give the author’s surname, a comma, and the initials of their given names.

Winton, T. (2001). Dirt music. Picador.

2–20 authors

Name all authors. Separate by commas and join the last author by ‘&’.

Hall, J. L., & Ashton, B. T. (2005). A spoonful of valour…

21 or more authors

Name the first nineteen authors and the last author. Join the last author by three dots (‘…’).

Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C., Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . . Kovács, A.

Group author (government or organisation)

Give the name of the group in full, even if you have abbreviated it within the text.

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2004). Australia’s health …

Year

Publication year/date

When was the source published?

This identifies the year or specific date the source was made available in the version you accessed. (Use the copyright year/date if this is shown).
For online sources, use the year or specific date the content was created (for a page or document), or the date of posting (for a post).

What to include:

Enclose year of publication in round brackets.
Add month and day for sources with specific publication dates, such as newspapers. (Give only year in in-text citation).

Winton, T. (2001). Dirt music. Picador.

Greendale, N. (2006, May 4). Road toll rising. The Age, 13.

Same author, Same year

List each work alphabetically by title and add a lower case letter (‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, etc.) to the year to reflect the order the entry appears in the reference list, e.g., ‘a’ for the first entry, ‘b’ for the second entry, etc.

Harris, D. W. (2001a). Hadrian’s wall …

Harris, D. W. (2001b). Julius Caesar …

No year/date

Use ‘n.d.’ (stands for ‘no date’) if no year/date can be found on the source.

Gardiner, I. T. (n.d.). Life in rural Australia …

Title

What is the source called?

This is the full title in the exact words and spelling of the source.
If your source is part of a larger work (e.g., article from a journal; chapter from a book), you need to include the title of each.

What to include:

Give the title in italics in the exact wording and spelling shown on the source.
Separate the title and subtitle by a colon.
Give initial capitals to the first word of the title and the subtitle, and to any proper nouns.
Give both titles if the source is part of a larger work. No italics are used for parts of works.

Harris, M. (1983). The mighty Yarra: Rivers of Victoria. … TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Gerd, N. B. (2001). Method in action. Journal of Health, … PART OF & WHOLE WORK

Edition number

Different edition: Add edition number (in round brackets, no italics) to the title. Edition information is only given for editions other than the first. If no edition statement is shown on the book, assume it’s the first and no statement is needed.
Multi-volume: Add volume number/s (in round brackets, no italics) to title. Give all volumes (e.g., ‘3 vols.’) if citing a whole work; or volume number (e.g., ‘Vol. 2’) if citing an individual volume.

Bandman, E., & Bandman, B. (2002). Nursing ethics through the life span (4th ed.). Prentice Hall.

No title

If there is no title, give a brief descriptive title in your own words in square brackets with no italics.

Jensen, P. R. (1945). [Wartime navy reminiscences]. Liberty Press.

Publication information

Who made the source available in the form I used?

This identifies the publisher.
You need to include this information for print books and physical or broadcast media.
For online sources, you will usually use a DOI or URL.
The information can usually be found with the copyright information.

What to include:

The publisher of a print source or broadcast media.
If the publisher is also the author, omit the publisher from the reference instead of repeating the name.
The location is only needed if the material is associated with a particular location, such as a conference.
A DOI if the source has one
The URL for online sources if there is no DOI

Gourley, D. (2002). Action man. Bellinger.

Carbonation, L. A. (2012). Can we use MR-mammography to predict nodal status? European Journal of Radiology, 81(1), 17-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0720-048x(12)70007-4

Gull Group. (1992). Annual report.

DOI

Is there a Digital Object Identifier (DOI)?

The DOI acts as a permanent link to an item. Not all online material has a DOI but you need to include one if it has, even for print material.
If you provide a DOI, you don’t give the URL.
If a DOI has been assigned, you should find it with the copyright information, or with other details on database or catalogue lists.
There is no full stop at the end. It needs to be prefixed with http:// or https://

http://doi.org/10.1086/529076

Uniform Resource Locator [URL] and retrieval date

What is the address of the source online, and when did I retrieve it?

This is included for sources accessed online that do not have a DOI. It tells your reader the location of the source on the Internet.
Provide the URL that links directly to the source.
When a website is the source for a webpage, give the website name before the URL.
The retrieval date is only included for content that is designed to change over time, such as social media posts. In this case, preface the URL with Retrieved Year, Month Day, from http://xxxxx

Walker, A. (2019, November 14). Germany avoids recession but growth remains weak. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50419127

How to present a reference list

How to set up the list in Microsoft Word

Begin the list on a new page at the end of your work.
Give the list the centred heading ‘References’.
Use double line-spacing and a hanging indent (approx. 0.75 cm or 4-5 spaces).
In Word, select your references and use Ctrl+2 (Command+2 on a Mac) to double-space lines.
Select your references and use Ctrl+T (Command+T on a Mac) to format with a hanging indent, then (while the text is still selected), right-click on the highlighted text to get a pop-up menu, select Paragraph, and you can set the size of the hanging indent.
Do not add line breaks manually to the hyperlink; it is acceptable if your word-processing program automatically adds a break or moves the hyperlink to its own line.

What to include

Give an entry for every source you have cited in the text.
Do not add entries for the material you have not used, however relevant.

How to arrange the entries

List entries alphabetically by author.
If there is no author, list by title. (Ignore ‘A’ or ‘An’ or ‘The’ as first words.)
If you have more than one entry with the same author, list by year (earliest first).
If you have more than one entry with the same author and year, list alphabetically by title, and add a lower case letter to each year; e.g., ‘a’ for first, ‘b’ for second

Example of a reference list

Missing elements

This table offers broad guidance to assist in creating citations and references with missing elements.

The formatted examples reflect the referencing requirements for a ‘website post or page’.

Refer to FedCite or the reference style’s official publication for instruction and templates when referencing other specific material types such as books, journals, web documents etc.

Refer to the ‘Using APA 7 ed’ section in FedCite for instruction on formatting requirements for the references list.

Missing element	References	In-text citation
Nothing missing	*Author, A. (Year). Title. Source.* Patterson, R. (2021). Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning. College Info Geek. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	(Author, Year) or (Author, Year, Page) (Patterson, 2021)
No author	Substitute document title for Author; then provide Year and Source. List alphabetically by first word in the title Title of document [Format if needed]. (date). Source Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning. (2021). College Info Geek.	Substitute document title for Author in sentence case, then Year. If using whole title, use italics *(Title of document, date)* (Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning, 2021)
No date	Substitute n.d. for no date if no Year/Date can be found on the Source. *Author, A. (n.d.). Title of document. Source* Patterson, R. (n.d.). Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning. College Info Geek. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	Substitute n.d. for no date. (Author, n.d.) (Patterson, n.d.)
No title	Give brief descriptive title in your own words inside square brackets. Author, A. (date). [Description of document]. Source. Patterson, R. (2021). [How to read a textbook]. College Info Geek. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	No effect on in-text citation
No author & date	Substitute Title for Author and n.d. for no date; then give Source Title of document [Format]. (n.d.). Source Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning. (n.d.). College Info Geek. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	Substitute Title for Author and n.d. for no date *(Title of document, n.d.)* (Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning, n.d.)
No author & title	Substitute description of document inside square brackets for Author; then give date and Source. [Description of document]. (date). Source. [How to read a textbook]. (2021). College Info Geek. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	Substitute description of document inside square brackets, and then provide Year. ([Description of document], Year) ([How to read a textbook], 2021)
No date & title	Provide Author, substitute n.d. for no date,describe document inside square brackets, and then give Source Author, A. A. (n.d.). [Description of document]. Source. Patterson, R. (n.d.). [How to read a textbook]. College Info Geek. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	Provide Author and n.d. for no date. No title does not affect in-text citation. (Author, n.d.) (Patterson, n.d.)
No author, date & title	Substitute description of document inside square brackets for Author, substitute n.d. for no date, and then give Source [Description of document]. (n.d.). Source. [How to read a textbook]. (n.d.). College Info Geek. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/ Citing from a source with so few credentials may not be suitable in a piece of academic writing	Substitute description of document inside square brackets for Author, then n.d. for no date. ([Description of document], n.d.) ([How to read a textbook], n.d.)
No source	Cite as personal communication or find a substitute	No effect on in-text citation
No pagination	Skip for reference list if not present.	When quoting directly in the text of your paper, you would normally include page numbers if they were given. If there are no page numbers given: Indicate the paragraph number instead of the page number with the word "para." before it. If there are headings, give the name of the heading, followed by the word "section" and the number of the paragraph within the section it is from. For example: (Smith, 2012, Discussion section, para. 3) If there is only one paragraph, provide the Author's last name and the year and omit the page number.

References

American Psychological Association. (2022). Missing reference information. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/missing-information

American Psychological Association. (2019). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association: The official guide to APA style. (7th ed.). American Psychological Association.

Changes in APA 7th ed.

There are a number of changes that have been made to APA style referencing from the 6^th edition to the 7^th edition. Please check with your lecturer which edition you need to use for your referencing. The following is a summary of the major changes that have been made. Please check the relevant FedCite page for each source you are citing to ensure accuracy.

URLS

URLS no longer need to be preceded with ‘Retrieved from’ if the content is unlikely to change. If the content is likely to change, it is more appropriate to use n.d. (no date) for the page date and include the date of access.
Use the most specific date available.
Website names are now included if it is different to the author of the page.
Web page titles are italicised in the same way that other titles are.
The URL is able to be live, so the hyperlink does not need to be broken.

Old

Walker, A. (2019, November 14). Germany avoids recession but growth remains weak. Retrieved 2019, November 16, from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50419127

New

Walker, A. (2019, November 14). Germany avoids recession but growth remains weak. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50419127

DOI

Any resource with a DOI needs to have it included in the reference, even if you accessed a print version.
The DOI needs to be in URL form (https://doi.org/); other forms of a DOI are not acceptable.
If an electronic resource is accessed from a database but does not have a DOI, reference it as for print, with the publisher details.

Old

Carbonation, L. A. (2012). Can we use MR-mammography to predict nodal status? European Journal of Radiology, 81(1), 17-18. doi:10.1016/s0720-048x(12)70007-4

Hampden-Turner, C., & Trompenaars, A. (2000). Building cross-cultural competence: How to create wealth from conflicting values. Available from http://search.ebscohost.com/

New

Carbonation, L. A. (2012). Can we use MR-mammography to predict nodal status? European Journal of Radiology, 81(1), 17-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0720-048x(12)70007-4

Hampden-Turner, C., & Trompenaars, A. (2000). Building cross-cultural competence: How to create wealth from conflicting values. John Wiley.

E-Books

E-books no longer need the form listed (such as Kindle) as long as the content is the same.
The publisher now needs to be included in the reference in the same way as print books.
If the e-book has a DOI, this must be included as well. If not, reference e-books accessed from databases in the same way as a print book. E-books accessed from other online sources or from e-readers should include the URL.

Old

Fitzgerald, F. S. (2003). The great Gatsby [Kindle version]. Available from http://www.amazon.com

New

Fitzgerald, F. S. (2003). The great Gatsby. Text Publishing. http://www.amazon.com

Bruck, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars and satellites. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007978-90-481-2473-2

Publisher location

The location is no longer required in publication details.

Old

Pastorino, E., & Doyle-Portillo, S. (2016). What is psychology?: Foundations, applications and integration. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

New

Pastorino, E., & Doyle-Portillo, S. (2016). What is psychology?: Foundations, applications and integration. Cengage Learning.

Six or more authors

Up to twenty authors are now listed in a reference before ellipsis are used.
If there are more than 20 authors, include an ellipsis after the 19^th author, and then the last listed author.

Old

Marinovich, M., Houssami, N., Macaskill, P., Sardanelli, F., Irwig, L., Mamounas, E., …, Ciatto, S. (2013). Meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging in detecting residual breast cancer after neoadjuvant therapy. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 105(5), 321-333. doi:10.1093/jnci/djs528

New

Marinovich, M. L., Houssami, N., Macaskill, P., Sardanelli, F., Irwig, L., Mamounas, E. P., Von Minckwitz, G., Brennan, M. E., & Ciatto, S. (2013). Meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging in detecting residual breast cancer after neoadjuvant therapy. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 105(5), 321-333. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djs528

Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C., Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . . Kovács, A. (2019). Indie pop rocks mathematics: Twenty One Pilots, Nicolas Bourbaki, and the empty set. Journal of Improbable Mathematics, 27(1), 1935–1968. https://doi.org/10.0000/3mp7y-537

In-text citations

Any source with three or more authors is immediately shortened by et al.

Old

. . . outlining the thought processes (Demacheva, Ladouceur, Steinberg, Pogossova, & Raz, 2012).

New

. . . outlining the thought processes (Demacheva et al., 2012).

Contributor

There are clear guidelines when including contributors other than authors or editors, for example when citing a podcast, the episode needs to be included; for a TV series episode, the writer and director are cited. See each source for more details.

Single author

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Studies indicate that . . . (Sullivan, 2013).

Sullivan (2013) states that . . .

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"Challenging the power structure of institutions, organizations, or bureaucracies requires commitment and fortitude" (Sullivan, 2013, p. 103).

Sullivan (2013) notes that "challenging the power structure of institutions, organizations, or bureaucracies requires commitment and fortitude" (p. 103).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher.

Examples

Sullivan, E. (2013). Becoming influential: A guide for nurses (2nd ed.). Pearson.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).

Notes on style

Give author, year, title (italics), and name of the publisher
If the book has a DOI, include this even if you consulted the print version.
When the author and publisher are the same, omit the publisher from the source element.

Two authors

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

. . . and is vital in order to encode memories (Pastorino & Doyle-Portillo, 2016).

Pastorino and Doyle-Portillo (2016) have identified that . . .

Join authors by ‘&’ if the full citation is in round brackets, or ‘and’ if the author’s name is part of the sentence.

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"The central executive functions as an attention-controlling mechanism within working memory have been found to ..." (Pastorino & Doyle-Portillo, 2016, p. 281).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxx

Example

Pastorino, E., & Doyle-Portillo, S. (2016). What is psychology?: Foundations, applications and integration. Cengage Learning.

Notes on style

List both authors, and separate the names with ‘&’.
If the book has a DOI, include this even if you consulted the print version.

Three to twenty authors

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Use only the first listed author’s family name followed by et al. (a Latin abbreviation meaning ‘and others’) and year of publication.

. . . independent variables are controlled by the selector (Kraemer et al., 2016).

Kraemer et al. (2016) posit that . . .

If cited again within that paragraph – omit the year of publication.

Kraemer et al. also found that . . .

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"Circadian response patterns can be sensitive to light and dark cycles, sleep patterns, and seasonal changes" (Kraemer et al., 2016, p. 214).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxx

Examples

Kraemer, W., Fleck, S. J., & Deschenes, M. R. (2012). Exercise physiology: Integrating theory and applications. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health.

Brown, T. L., LeMay, H. E., Bursten, B. E., Murphy, C. J., Langford, S. J., & Sagatys, D. (2010). Chemistry: The central science: A broad perspective (2nd ed.). Pearson

Notes on style

List all authors, placing ‘&’ before the last name.
If the book has a DOI, include this even if you consulted the print version

More than twenty authors

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Use only the first listed family name followed by et al. (a Latin abbreviation meaning ‘and others’) and year of publication.

Lodish et al. (2013) identified . . .

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

Lodish et al. (2013) state that "proteins, the workhorses of the cell, are the most abundant and functionally versatile of the cellular macromolecules" (p. 6).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxx

Notes on style

List the first nineteen authors followed by three ellipsis points (. . .) then the last author.
If the book has a DOI, include this even if you consulted the print version.

Edition number

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to Bandman and Bandman (2002) ethics in nursing is ….

Ethical medical care given by nurses … (Bandman & Bandman, 2002)

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"Nurses' commitment to following proper medical procedure is ..." (Bandman & Bandman, 2002, pp. 11-12).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher.

Example

Bandman, E., & Bandman, B. (2002). Nursing ethics through the life span (4th ed.). Prentice Hall.

Template (edition variation)

Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed.). Publisher.

Example

DeLaune, S. C., Ladner, P. K., McTier, L., Tollefson, J., & Lawrence, J. (2019). Fundamentals of nursing (2nd Australia and New Zealand ed.). Cengage Learning Australia.

Template (edited book, edition variation, multi-volume)

Editor (Ed.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxx 

Example

Berman, A., Fransden, G., Snyder, S., Levett-Jones, T., Burston, A., Dwyer, T., Hales, M., Harvey, N., Moxham, L., Langtree, T., Reid-Searl, K., Rolf F., & Stanley D. (Eds.). (2017). Kozier and Erb's fundamentals of nursing: Concepts, process and practice (5th Australian ed., Vol. 1-3). Pearson Australia.

Notes on style

Different edition: Add edition description (in round brackets, no italics) to the title. Edition information is only given for editions other than the first edition. If no edition statement is shown on the book, assume it’s the first (and no statement is needed).
Multi-volume: Add volume number/s (in round brackets, no italics) to the title. Give all volumes (e.g., ‘3 vols.’) if citing a whole work; or volume number (e.g., ‘Vol. 2’) if citing an individual volume (see Edited book/ Book chapter tab for further examples).

Edited book/ Book chapter

Whole edited book

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

When citing an entire edited book, use the editor as the author. If you are only using one chapter as your source, refer to the next section, ‘Book chapter from an edited book’.

Brown (2001) states …

Infectious diseases are often not spoken about in some families … (Brown, 2001).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"Recent research has suggested the infectious diseases are a taboo topic in many families across the world …" (Brown, 2001, p. 83).

Reference list

Template

Editor. (Ed.). (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxx

Example

Mills, A. & Smith, J. (Eds.). (2001). Utter silence: Voicing the unspeakable. Peter Lang.

Notes on style

Use the editor as the author, followed by (Ed.). If there is more than one editor, list them all as for multiple authors, followed by (Eds.).
If the edited book has a DOI, include this even if you consulted the print version.

A chapter from an edited collection

An edited book will generally be comprised of chapters written by a number of different authors. When citing in-text, you need to attribute the authors of the particular chapter you are referencing, not the editors of the entire work. If you are using the entire book as a source, refer to the previous section, ‘Edited book’.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Use the chapter author’s family name and the year of publication.

Brown (2001) states …

Infectious diseases are often not spoken about in some families … (Brown, 2001).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number from the book.

"Recent research has suggested the infectious diseases are a taboo topic in many families across the world …" (Brown, 2001, p. 83).

Reference list

Template (chapter)

Chapter Author. (Year). Chapter title. In Editor (Ed.), Book title (page numbers). Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxx

Example

Brown, J. (2001). Silence, taboo and infectious disease. In A. Mills & J. Smith (Eds.), Utter silence: Voicing the unspeakable (pp. 83–91). Peter Lang.

Notes on style

An edited book will generally be comprised of chapters written by a number of different authors. When citing in-text, you will need to attribute the authors of the particular chapter you are referencing, NOT the editors of the entire work.
Give the chapter author and title (no italics). Give book title (italics) preceded by ‘In’ (no italics) and initials and surname of editor followed by ‘(Ed.),’ or ‘(Eds.)’ if multiple editors. Add page range of chapter in round brackets (no italics) after the title.
The editor’s given name initials are before the family name in this format. If the edited book has a DOI, include this even if you consulted the print version.

Template (chapter with edition)

Chapter Author. (Year). Chapter title. In Editor (Ed.), Book title (edition, page numbers). Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxx

Example

Dillard, J. P. (2020). Currents in the study of persuasion. In M. B. Oliver, A. A. Raney, & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (4th ed., pp. 115–129). Routledge.

Template (chapter with edition variation)

Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed.). Publisher. 

Example

Feo, R., Conroy, T., Alderman, J., & Kitson, A. (2017). Engaging patients and keeping them safe. In J. Crisp, C. Douglas, G. Rebeiro, & D. Waters (Eds.). Potter & Perry's fundamentals of nursing (5th Australia and New Zealand ed., pp. 30-44). Elsevier Australia.

Template (chapter from a multi-volume edited book)

Chapter Author. (Year). Chapter title: Subtitle. In Editors (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #, pp. x-x). Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxx

Example

Levvett-Jones, T. (2021). Communicating. In A. Berman, G. Fransden, S. Snyder, T. Levett-Jones, A. Burston, T. Dwyer, M. Hales, N. Harvey, L. Moxham, T. Langtree, K. Reid-Searl, F. Rolf & D. Stanley (Eds.), Kozier and Erb's Fundamentals of nursing: Concepts, process and practice (5th Australian ed., Vol. 2, pp. 482-512). Pearson Australia.

Notes on style

Include any edition and/or volume information in the same parentheses as the page range of the chapter, separated with a comma.

E-book (from a database)

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars (2000) believe that building cross-cultural competence ...

Building cross-cultural competence is seen as … (Hampden-Turner & Trompenaars, 2000).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"Building cross-cultural competence is seen as an essential skill …" (Hampden-Turner & Trompenaars, 2000, p. 15).

Reference list

N. B. When the author and publisher are the same, omit the publisher from the source element.

e-book with DOI

Template

Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxx

Example

Ross, R. T. (2006). How to examine the nervous system. Humana Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-081-2

Notes on style

If an e-book has a DOI, you must use this format.

e-book from a database, without DOI

Template

Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher.

Example

Hampden-Turner, C., & Trompenaars, A. (2000). Building cross-cultural competence: How to create wealth from conflicting values. John Wiley.

Notes on style

If an e-book from a database does not have a DOI, cite it as you would a print book, including the name of the publisher.

e-book accessed on e-reader, without DOI

Template

Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher. http://xxxxxx

Example

Fitzgerald, F. S. (2003). The great Gatsby. Scribner Books. http://www.amazon.com

Notes on style

Include the URL the book was retrieved from.

e-book without DOI, with non-database URL

Template

Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher. http://xxxxxx

Example

Kirkwood, R., & Goldsworthy, S. (2013). Fur seals and sea lions. CSIRO. http://uball.csiro.patron.eb20.com/Collections/ViewBook/295eae4d-f807-481b-95cc-05fb9d9f5f48

Notes on style

Include the URL of the book that was retrieved.

Single author

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Recent studies indicate that . . . (Carbonaro, 2012).

Carbonaro (2012) contends that . . .

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

Carbonaro (2012) concludes that "MR-mammography allows an accurate evaluation of both breast lesions and axillary lymph nodes, useful to predict the nodal status" (p. 18).

Reference list

Template

Online with DOI

Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, vol(issue), xx–xx. DOI or URL

Example

Carbonaro, L. A. (2012). Can we use MR-mammography to predict nodal status? European Journal of Radiology, 81(1), 17-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0720-048X(12)70007-4

Print

Normoyle, C. (2013). Nurses' wellbeing. Australian Nursing Journal, 20(10), 30–33.

Online with URL (no DOI)

Moran, W. (2014). Enhancing understanding of teaching and the profession through school innovation rounds. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 39(3). http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/

Notes on style

Give volume number (italics) and issue number (round brackets, no italics). No space between.
Give page range of article if page numbers are shown (no ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’).
When including journal articles in the reference list, you must italicise the title of the journal and volume number, and include the digital object identifier (DOI) at the end of the reference (if stated).
DOI format: DOIs should be presented as hyperlinks beginning with https:// or http://.
It is not necessary to include the words “Retrieved from” or “Accessed from” before a DOI or URL.

Two authors

In-text citations

Name both authors.
Join authors by ‘&’ in round brackets, or ‘and’ in the sentence.

Paraphrasing

. . . identifies skills intrinsic to current nursing practitioners (Felton & Royal, 2015).

Felton and Royal (2015) argue that . .

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

According to Felton and Royal (2015) "supporting the development of practitioners' skills within preregistration nursing education is complex" (p. 38).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, vol(issue), xx–xx. DOI or URL

Example

Felton, A., & Royal, J. (2015). Skills for nursing practice: Development of clinical skills in pre-registration nurse education. Nurse Education in Practice, 15(1), 38-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2014.11.009

Notes on style

Give volume number (italics) and issue number (round brackets, no italics). No space between.
Give page range of article if page numbers are shown (no ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’).
When including journal articles in the reference list, you must italicise the title of the journal and volume number, and include the digital object identifier (DOI) at the end of the reference (if stated).
DOI format: DOIs should be presented as hyperlinks beginning with https:// or http://.
It is not necessary to include the words “Retrieved from” or “Accessed from” before a DOI.

Three to twenty authors

In-text citation

Paraphrasing

Use only the first listed author’s family name followed by et al. (a Latin abbreviation meaning ‘and others’).

. . . outlining the thought processes (Demacheva et al., 2012).

Demacheva et al. (2012) outlined the through processes relevant to ...

If cited again within that paragraph – omit the year of publication.

Demacheva et al. also found that . . .

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

"Our findings suggest that decoupling the when and the where attention modules may play an important role in creating magic effects" (Demacheva et al., 2012, p. 547).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, vol(issue), xx–xx. DOI

Example

Demacheva, I., Ladouceur, M., Steinberg, E., Pogossova, G., & Raz, A. (2012). The applied cognitive psychology of attention: A step closer to understanding magic tricks. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26(4), 541-549. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2825

Notes on style

List all authors, separated by commas, and place ‘&’ before the last name.
Give volume number (italics) and issue number (round brackets, no italics). No space between.
Give page range of article if page numbers are shown (no ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’).
When including journal articles in the reference list, you must italicise the title of the journal and volume number, and include the digital object identifier (DOI) at the end of the reference (if stated).
DOI format: DOIs should be presented as hyperlinks beginning with https:// or http://.
It is not necessary to include the words “Retrieved from” or “Accessed from” before a DOI.

More than twenty authors

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Use only the first listed family name followed by et al. and year of publication.

Human colonization of Australia … (Tobler et al., 2017).

Tobler et al. (2017) state that . . .

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

Reconstructing the genetic history of Aboriginal Australia is greatly complicated by past government policies of enforced population relocation and child removal that have eroded much of the physical connection between groups and geography in modern Australia" (Tobler et al., 2017, p. 1).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, vol(issue), xx–xx. DOI or URL

Example

Tobler, R., Rohrlach, A., Soubrier, J., Bover, P., Llamas, B., Tuke, J., Bean, N., Abdullah-Highfold, A., Agius, S., O'Donoghue, A., O'Loughlin, I., Sutton, P., Zilio, F., Walshe, K., Williams, A. N., Turney, C. S. M., Williams, M., Richards, S. M., Mitchell, ... Cooper, A. (2017). Aboriginal mitogenomes reveal 50,000 years of regionalism in Australia. Nature, 544(7649), 180-184. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21416

Notes on style

List the first nineteen authors followed by three ellipsis points (. . .) then the last author.
Give volume number (italics) and issue number (round brackets, no italics). No space between.
Give page range of article if page numbers are shown (no ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’).
When including journal articles in the reference list, you must italicise the title of the journal and volume number, and include the digital object identifier (DOI) at the end of the reference (if stated).
DOI format: DOIs should be presented as hyperlinks beginning with https:// or http://.
It is not necessary to include the words “Retrieved from” or “Accessed from” before a DOI

Without volume or issue number

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

When paraphrasing, include the author's family name(s) and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Sanchiz et al. (2017) contend that ...

Age differences can influence searching behaviour due to ... (Sanchiz et al., 2017).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal. If no pages are stated, then include the section heading and paragraph number.

In a recent study, Sanchiz et al. (2017) found that "age-related differences in search efficiency can be explained by different searching strategies and information processing" (p. 77).

Reference list

Template

Without a volume number

Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, (issue), xx–xx. DOI or URL

Example

Stegmeir, M. (2016). Climate change: New discipline practices promote college access. The Journal of College Admission, (231), 44–47. https://www.nxtbook.com/ygsreprints/NACAC/nacac_jca_spring2016/#/4

Notes on style

If a journal article does not have a volume number leave that element out of the reference.

Template

Without an issue number

Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, vol, xx–xx. DOI or URL

Example

Sanchiz, M., Chevalier, A., & Amadieu, F. (2017). How do older and young adults start searching for information? Impact of age, domain knowledge and problem complexity on the different steps of information searching. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.038

Notes on style

If a journal article does not have an issue number leave that element out of the reference.

Without DOI

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

When paraphrasing, include the author family name(s) and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Recent studies indicate that . . . (Walker & Buchbinder, 1997).

Walker and Buchbinder (1997) contend that . . .

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal. If no pages are stated, then include the section heading and paragraph number.

Walker and Buchbinder (1997) noted that "analysis of the determinants of frequency of use of the various diagnostic methods revealed that motion palpation was more commonly employed by younger chiropractors" (Discussion section, para. 6).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, vol(issue), xx–xx. DOI or URL

Example

Walker, B., & Buchbinder, R. (1997). Most commonly used methods of detecting spinal subluxation and the preferred term for its description: A survey of chiropractors in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 20(9), 583-589. http://www.jmptonline.org

Give volume number (italics) and issue number (round brackets, no italics). No space between.

Online with non-database URL (no DOI)

Give URL only if there is no DOI.

Online from database (no DOI)

Do not include URL or name of database

Print (no DOI)

Do not include URL or name of database.

From a library database

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The results of the study indicate . . . (Evans, 2015).

Evans (2015) states that . . .

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

Evans (2015) notes that "aspirin's miracle properties revolve around its ability to stop blood platelets clumping together, reducing the risk of heart attacks and strokes" (p. 11).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year/Date). Article title. Newspaper/Magazine Name, p. #. DOI or URL

Example

Evans, K. (2015, January 05). Aspirin study raises hopes for dementia prevention. The Age, 11.

Notes on style

Do NOT italicise the title of the article, only the title of the newspaper.
Include the day, month and year.
Include the DOI, if there is one.
If there is no DOI, omit the URL for newspaper articles accessed from a database.
If the newspaper article has no author see instructions in the no author tab in this section.

Online

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Craig (1968) reports that Mrs Holt’s sorrow has been shared by …

A recent letter to the editor comments on Starbucks … (Rosen, 2014).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

"Starbucks latest advertising campaign has …" (Rosen, 2014, para. 7).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year/Date). Article title. Newspaper/Magazine Name, p. #. DOI or URL

Online replica of print edition

Craig, B. (1968, January 10). Australia and the world shares Mrs Holt’s sorrow. The Australian Women’s Weekly, 2–3. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/45649185

Notes on style

If the article is a digitised replica of a print edition, give the publication date of the print edition and include the page numbers.
Do NOT italicise the title of the article, only the title of the newspaper.
If the newspaper article has no author see instructions in the no author tab in this section.

Online edition

Rosen, L. (2014, January 22). Occupy Starbucks [Letter to the editor]. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/23/opinion/occupy-starbucks.html

Notes on style

Do NOT italicise the title of the article, only the title of the newspaper.
Include the year, month and day, as well as the URL. If there is a DOI, use this instead of the URL.
If the newspaper article has no author see instructions in the no author tab in this section.

Online article on a news website

Avramove, N. (2019, January 3). The secret to a long, happy, healthy life? Think age-positive. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/03/health/respect-toward-elderly-leads-to-long-life-intl/index.html

Notes on style

If the article is accessed from a news website, the title of the article is italicised, whereas the name of the website or media outlet is not.
Include the year, month and day, as well as the URL. If there is a DOI, use this instead of the URL.
If the newspaper article has no author see instructions in the no author tab in this section.

Print

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Kennedy's assassination has … (Hunt, 1963).

The assassination of President Kennedy has rocked … (Hunt, 1963).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

"The world mourns the loss of President Kennedy who was shot …" (Hunt, 1963, p. 1).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year/Date). Article title. Newspaper/Magazine Name, p. #. DOI or URL

Example

Hunt, J. (1963, November 22). Assassin kills Kennedy. The Chicago Tribune, 1, 4–6.

Notes on style

Do NOT italicise the title of the article, only the title of the newspaper.
Include the year, month and day.
If the newspaper article has no author see instructions in the no author tab in this section.

No author

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

If no author has been identified, provide the first few words of the title in Headline Case enclosed by double quotation marks " " followed by the year.

An increase in education spending . . . ("Budget to Link," 2016).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

"An additional $118 million to support disabled children in schools over two years will be a modest boost in an important area of student assistance where many schools are struggling" ("Budget to Link," 2016, p. 23).

Reference list

Template

Article title. (Year/Date). Newspaper/Magazine Name, p. #. DOI or URL

Example

Budget to link school spending to outcomes. (2016, May 02). The Australian, 23.

Notes on style

Place the title of the article in the author position
Do NOT italicise the title of the article, only the title of the newspaper.
Include the year, month and day.

Act of Parliament/Statutes

Introduction

Note: The APA style guide focuses on legal sources from the United States and United Nations, and refers readers to The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (Bluebook, 2015), which does not cover Australian legal sources. In Australia, the Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC) is widely used by the legal community as a standard for legal citation to which we will refer here. AGLC (4th ed.) 2018 is published by the Melbourne University Law Review Association Inc in collaboration with the Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc.

Some of the following examples are taken from the AGLC. Please check with your school or course description for any specific requirements regarding referencing.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

By virtue of s 130.1 of the Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic) . . .

According to the Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic) s 29 . . .

Notes on style

Start with the short title of the legislation and the year in italics if referring to an Act in the body of the text.
The long title of an Act should only be used if the Act does not have a short title.
The year in which the Act was originally passed is considered to be part of the title of the Act and therefore should be included in italics following the title, whether or not the Act includes it in the official short title.
Following the title and year, include the abbreviated form of the jurisdiction of the legislation enclosed in brackets e.g. (Cth) for Commonwealth and (Vic) for Victoria.
To pinpoint a section or paragraph of an Act, use the abbreviation s or para followed by a space and the number. Other abbreviations are detailed in AGLC 4 section 3.1.4.

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the title and year of the Act in italics, jurisdiction in brackets and section number(s) (if applicable).

"A person receiving mental health services in a designated mental health service may be kept in seclusion if seclusion is necessary to prevent imminent and serious harm to the person or to another person" (Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic) s 110).

Reference list

Template

Statute name Year (jurisdiction) s xxx. URL

Examples

Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s 124(1)

Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic) s 110

Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic) s 115.1. http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/

Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic) s 115.1. http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubStatbook.nsf/edfb620cf7503d1aca256da4001b08af/0001F48EE2422A10CA257CB4001D32FB/$FILE/14-026aa%20authorised.pd

Notes on style

The formatting of statutes appears the same in the reference list as in your text.
Start with the name of the statute in italics, followed by the year the statute was passed in italics. Then in brackets, state the abbreviation for the jurisdiction which passed the Act, e.g. (Cth) for Commonwealth, or the State abbreviation. Finally, the section number and subsection number if referring to a particular section of the statute.
Include the URL from which you retrieved the material. (optional; this is not strictly required for legal citations but may aid readers in retrieval)

Bills

Introduction

Note: The APA style guide focuses on legal sources from the United States and United Nations, and refers readers to The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (Bluebook, 2015), which does not cover Australian legal sources. In Australia, the Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC) is widely used by the legal community as a standard for legal citation. AGLC (4^th ed) 2018 is published by the Melbourne University Law Review Association Inc in collaboration with the Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc.

Some of the following examples are taken from the AGLC. Please check with your school or course description for any specific requirements regarding referencing.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

…as detailed in the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Bill 2009 (Cth) cl 83 . . .

According to the Transport Accident Further Amendment Bill 2013 (Vic) . . .

Notes on style

The title and year of a Bill should not be italicised (unlike Acts).
The year of the Bill is considered to be part of the title and therefore should be included following the title. Following the title and year, include the abbreviated form of the jurisdiction of the legislation enclosed in brackets e.g. (Cth) for Commonwealth, and (Vic) for Victoria.
To pinpoint a clause or sub-clause of a Bill, use the abbreviation cl or sub-cl followed by a space and the number. Other abbreviations are detailed in AGLC 4 section 3.1.4.

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the title of the Bill, year, jurisdiction and clause number(s) (if applicable) enclosed in brackets.

" If a person (the supplier) supplies an amount of eligible 20 upstream fuel to another person (the recipient) who quotes the 21 recipient’s Obligation Transfer Number (OTN) in relation to 22 the supply, the supply will not count towards the supplier’s 23 liability for the financial year" (Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Bill 2009 (Cth) cl 16).

Reference list

Template

Title of Bill Year (jurisdiction) cl xxx. URL

Examples

Corporations Amendment Bill (No 1) 2005 (Cth). http://www.aph.gov.au

Environment Legislation Amendment Bill 2013 (Cth). http://www.aph.gov.au

Notes on style

The formatting of Bills appears the same in the reference list as in your text.
Start with the name of the Bill, followed by the year. Then in brackets, state the abbreviation for the jurisdiction, e.g. (Cth) for Commonwealth, or the State abbreviation. Finally, the clause number and sub-clause number if referring to a particular section of the Bill.
Include the URL from which you retrieved the material. (optional; this is not strictly required for legal citations but may aid readers in retrieval).
It is prudent to note that bills are not law and are rather proposals for law or to change a law. It is usually better to cite the relevant section of legislation in the place of a bill if it is available.

Coroner Reports

Introduction

Note: The APA style guide focuses on legal sources from the United States and United Nations, and refers readers to The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (Bluebook, 2015), which does not cover Australian legal sources. In Australia, the Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC) is widely used by the legal community as a standard for re legal citation. AGLC (4th ed) 2018 is published by the Melbourne University Law Review Association Inc in collaboration with the Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc.

Some of the following examples are taken from the AGLC. Please check with your school or course description for any specific requirements regarding referencing.

In-text citation

Paraphrasing

Start with the author of the coroners report, and enclose the Year in brackets. If using the author of the coroners report in the sentence, include the Year in brackets.

...in regards to the actions taken (Coroners Court of Victoria, 2023).

The Coroners Court of Victoria (2023) found that the actions taken...

Direct Quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the author of the coroners report, the year it was delivered and the paragraph number in square brackets (if applicable).

"was reviewed by the surgical team" (Coroners Court of Victoria, 2023, [95]).

Reference List

Template

Author. (Year). Title of work (report number). Publisher if different from author. URL

Example

Coroners Court of Victoria. (2023). Inquest into the death of Sasha (COR 2019 004069). https://www.coronerscourt.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/COR%202019-4069%20Form%2037-Finding%20into%20Death%20Following%20Inquest_Signed.pdf

Legal cases

Introduction

Note: The APA style guide focuses on legal sources from the United States and United Nations, and refers readers to The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (Bluebook, 2015), which does not cover Australian legal sources. In Australia, the Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC) is widely used by the legal community as a standard for re legal citation. AGLC (4^th ed) 2018 is published by the Melbourne University Law Review Association Inc in collaboration with the Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc.

Some of the following examples are taken from the AGLC. Please check with your school or course description for any specific requirements regarding referencing.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

When citing a case in-text, it is necessary to include the title of the case in italics followed by the year in brackets. Alternatively, it is also acceptable to include all case details enclosed in brackets; italicise only the case title, followed by the year.

According to the case of Drew v Minister for Health and Ageing (2011) . . .

. . . (Drew v Minister for Health and Ageing, 2011).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the title of the case, year, page number, section heading (if applicable) and paragraph number.

"The Tribunal lacks the jurisdiction to consider the decisions made by the Secretary in relation to the drug Clozapine" (Drew v Minister for Health and Ageing, 2011, Held section, para 5).

Reference list

Template

Plaintiff v Defendant (Year/Date) Volume/Series Law report Page number

Examples

Drew v Minister for Health and Ageing (2011) 56 AAR 227. http://www.westlaw.com.au/maf/wlau/app/document?docguid=I49472f517b6911e18eefa443f89988a0

For court decisions, the elements to include are the title of the case in italics, year in brackets, volume number, reporter abbreviation, and starting page number.
If a case is obtained from an electronic database, add the URL.

Oceanic Sun Line Special Shipping Co Inc v Fay (1988) 165 CLR 197

If the series is based on volume number (such as in the Commonwealth Law Reports), the year the case was decided is in round brackets.

Esso Petroleum Ltd v Commissioners of Customs and Excise [1976] 1 AII ER 117

Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187

Todd v Nicol [1957] SASR 72

Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562

If the law report series is ordered according to year, the year the case was reported (such as in the UK Appeal Cases), is in square brackets.

Notes on style

Formatting of civil law cases appears the same in the reference list as in your text.
Start with the name of the plaintiff, followed by v (comes from "versus" and separates the names of the opposing parties), then the name of the defendant, all in italics.
The year is next in brackets. See above examples for guidance on using square or round brackets.
After the year may be a volume number. Volume numbers may be used in two situations: (1) if the series is based on years but has more than one volume for a given year, or (2) where the whole series appears in sequentially numbered volumes. Otherwise, where the series is based on year of reporting, it could simply be the abbreviation for the law report. Include the page number in the law report where the case begins.

Treaties

Introduction

Referencing international treaties and conventions is detailed in Section 11 (Legal References) of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th edition). The Australian Guide to Legal Citation also deals with international treaties and conventions in AGLC – Part IV

The following examples are based on the information taken from the APA Manual.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Start with the title of the Treaty or Convention, and enclose the Year in brackets. If using the Treaty or Convention name in the sentence, include the Year in brackets.

Children have the right to privacy (Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1990).

According to the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees(1954) . . .

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the title of the Treaty in italics, the year it entered into force and the article number(s) (if applicable).

" No child shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his or her privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his or her honour and reputation” (Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1990, art 16.1).

Reference list

Template

Treaty name, full date opened for signature or signed or approval date, and a URL if available.

Example

Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, opened for signature 28 July 1951, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-relating-status-refugees

Audiobook (CD, audio file)

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Trekking on the Kokoda track can be … (FitzSimons, 2011).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"The history of the Kokoda track can be traced back to …" (FitzSimons, 2011, 4:50).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Title (Narrator) [Audiobook]. Publisher. DOI/URL

Examples

CD

FitzSimons, P. (2011). Kokoda (L. FitzGerald, Narr.) [Audiobook]. ABC Audio.

Online

Dickens, C. (2013). Oliver Twist (S. Vance, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Tantor. http://www.audible.com (Original work published 1837-1839)

Notes on style

Treat author, year, and title as for the basic book.
Add the narrator’s name in round brackets with the given name initial first, then the family name. Add audiobook in square brackets.
Give the name of the publisher.
If accessed online, give the DOI, if there is one, or the URL.
If the audiobook was released in a different year than the original publication date, add in round brackets the year the original work was published.

Podcast

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the full date the podcast was produced or uploaded, not just the year.

Cohen (2013, December 29) comments that the supermarket war has led to many casualties ...

The supermarket war has led to many casualties … (Cohen, 2013, December 29).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

Cohen (2013, December 29, 3:29) stated that due to the recent "supermarket war many small farmers … ".

Reference list

Podcast

Template

Host’s name. (Host). (Date range). Title: Subtitle [Audio/Video podcast]. Publisher (if available). URL

Example

Vedantam, S. (Host). (2015–present). Hidden brain [Audio Podcast]. NPR. https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain

Notes on style

Give the host’s name, role and dates the podcast has aired
Specify the type of podcast (audio or video) in square brackets.
If the URL is unknown as the podcast was accessed through an app, omit the URL.

Podcast Episode

Template

Host’s name. (Host). (Year, Month Day). Episode title (Episode number) [Audio/Video podcast episode]. In Program title. Production company. DOI/URL

Example

Cohen, H. (Host). (2013, December 29). Casualties in the supermarket war (No. 442) [Audio podcast episode]. In Background briefing. ABC Radio National. http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/backgroundbriefing/2013-03-24/4582278

Notes on style

Give the host’s name, role, and exact date produced/uploaded.
Give the title of the episode (no italics) followed by the episode number (if there is one) and the form in square brackets, followed by the title of the whole podcast/program in italics.
Give the production company and the URL of the item.
Use ‘Available from’ is accessible only via purchase or paid subscription.

Music recording

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Guy Sebastian's (2012) song touches on a father's love for his child and ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"Won't let the big bag world get you no way" (Sebastian, 2012, 0:59).

Reference list

Singletrack: Modern music

Template

Recording artist. (Year). Title of song [Song]. On Title of album. Label.

Examples

Sinatra, F. (1958). Autumn in New York [Song]. On Come fly with me. Capitol.

Sebastian, G. (2012). Big bad world [Song]. On Armageddon.

Singletrack: Classical music

Template

Composer. (Year of Recording). Title of song [Song recorded by Artist]. On Title of album. Label. (Original work published Year)

Example

Beethoven, L. van. (2012). Symphony No. 3 in E-flat major [Song recorded by Staats-kapelle Dresden]. On Beethoven: Complete symphonies. Brilliant Classics. (Original work published 1804)

Notes on style

Give the name of the recording artist or composer and the year of recording.
Give the title of the song followed by Song in square brackets.
If it is classical music, after the song title, in square brackets add ‘Song recorded by’ then the recording artist’s name.
Give the album title in italics preceded by ‘On’.
Give the name of the recording label.
For classical music, add original publication year in brackets.

Album: Modern music

Template

Recording artist. (Year). Title of album [Album]. Label.

Example

Perry, K. (2013). Prism [Album]. Capitol.

Album: Classical music

Template

Composer. (Year of Recording). Title of album [Album recorded by Artist]. Label. (Original work published Year)

Example

Bach, J. S. (2010). The Brandenburg concertos: Concertos BWV 1043 & 1060 [Album recorded by Academy of St Martin in the Fields]. Decca. (Original work published 1721)

Notes on style

Give the name of the recording artist or composer and the year of recording.
Give the title of the album in italics, followed by ‘Album’ in square brackets. For classical music, add ‘recorded by’ and the artist’s name after the word album.
Give the name of the recording label.
For classical music, add original publication year in brackets.

Speech or performance (recorded)

In-text citations

Use the speaker’s name for the author and the exact date of the speech.

Paraphrasing

Martin Luther King's often quoted catch phrase … (King,1963).

Direct quote

Follow the same rules as for paraphrasing, but additionally place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"Ich bin ein Berliner” (I am a Berliner) is a speech made by John F. Kennedy in 1963 where he declared … (Kennedy, 1963, 2:41).

Reference list

Speech

Use the speaker’s name for the author and the exact date of the speech.

Template

Speaker. (Year, Month Day). Title of speech [Speech audio recording]. Publisher. URL

Example

King, M. L., Jr. (1963, August 28). I have a dream [Speech audio recording]. American Rhetoric. https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm

Streaming video from a library database

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to the latest research . . . (Cutts, 2017).

Cutts (2017) presents an interesting ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"To be truly happy…" (Cutts, 2017, 00:13).

Reference list

Template

Author. [Username]. (Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. Website. URL

Examples

Cutts, S. (2017, November 24). Happiness [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/244405542

Badawi, Z. (Director). (2019, December 21). Meet the maestro: Leo Nucci [Video]. Informit EduTV. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/edutv.4493898

People & Power. (2023, October 5). AI and democracy [Video]. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/program/people-power/2023/10/5/ai-and-democracy-1

Notes on style

The person or organisation who uploaded the video is in the place of the author. Include the screen username in square brackets if different from the author’s real name.
Give the full date the video was uploaded.
Add the title in italics and the format in square brackets.
Give the website name you accessed the video from and the full URL.

Television series episode

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The Gilmore girls were feeling anxious when … (Sherman-Palladino & Mancuso, 2002).

Sherman-Palladino & Mancuso (2002) wrote an episode of the Gilmore girls that dealt with anxiety issues…

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"Loralai, how is your anxiety today?" (Sherman-Palladino & Mancuso, 2002, 09.25).

Reference list

TV series

Template

Executive producer’s name/s (Executive Producer). (Year range). Series Title [Form]. Production/Distribution Company.

Example

Gilligan, V. (Executive Producer). (2008-2013). Breaking bad [TV series]. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.

Notes on style

Use the executive producer as the author.
Give the year range the series was broadcast for the date. If the series is still airing, use ‘present’ for the second year.
Give series title (italics) and form in square brackets.
Give the production company name.

TV series episode or webisode

Template

Writer’s name (Role), & Director’s name (Role). (Year, Month Day). Title of episode (Season and Episode number) [TV series episode]. In Executive Producers’ Names (Executive Producers), Title of series. Production/Distribution Company.

Example

Sherman-Palladino, A. (Writer), & Mancuso, G. (Director). (2002, April 21). Application anxiety (Season 3, Episode 12) [TV series episode]. In A. Sherman-Palladino, D. Palladino, & G. Polone (Executive Producers), Gilmore girls. Warner Bros. Television.

Notes on style

Give names of the episode’s director and writer and their roles, and the exact date the episode was the first broadcast.
Give the episode title (no italics) including the episode and series number in brackets.
Give the executive producer's names and roles, then the series title in italics
Give the production company.

Online video

Template

Writer’s name (Role), & Director’s name (Role). (Year, Month Day). Title of episode (Season and Episode number) [TV series episode]. In Executive Producers’ Names (Executive Producers), Title of series. Production/Distribution Company. URL.

Example

Horowitz, A. (Writer), & Orme, S. (Director). (2013, March 24). The eternity ring (Series 7, Episode 1) [TV series episode]. In J. Green (Producer), Foyle’s war. ITV. http://www.abc.net.au/iview/#/view/79688397

Notes on style

Follow the same format as for a TV episode but add the URL of the site where you accessed the item.

Video or film (studio production)

In-text citations

Use the name of the director as the author.

Paraphrasing

Zemeckis (1985) directed …

Marty McFly walked towards the car when suddenly … (Zemeckis, 1985).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"Wait a minute, Doc. Are you telling me that you built a time machine… out of a DeLorean?" (Zemeckis, 1985, 10:06).

Reference list

Template

Director. (Role). (Year). Title [Film]. Studio.

Example

Zemeckis, R. (Director). (1985). Back to the future [Film]. Universal Pictures.

Notes on style

Give the director and the roles.
Give the title in italics. Add film in square brackets (no italics). If needed, add more details to the word film after a semi-colon e.g. [Film; educational DVD].
Give the name of the studio.
However, you accessed the film, reference it as above. There is no need to include a URL even if you watched the film online.

Video games

In-text citations

Use the game developer as the author.

Paraphrase

Fallout: New Vegas (Obsidian Entertainment, 2010) is a great new video game that features ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year.

Ulysses cried out: “Who are you, that you do not know your history?” (Obsidian Entertainment, 2010).

Reference list

Template

Developer. (Year). Title [Video game]. Publisher. URL

Example

Obsidian Entertainment. (2010). Fallout: New Vegas [Video game]. Bethesda Softworks.

Notes on style

Give the game developer as the author.
Give title (italics), then the description in square brackets (no italics).
Give the name of publisher, and URL if accessed online.

YouTube video

In-text citations

This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable. Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources; Personal communication.

Paraphrasing

Telemedicine benefits from Robonaut technology due to … (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2014).

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2014) states that …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a time stamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"The benefits of Robonaut technology on telemedicine have …" (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2014, 01:33).

Reference list

Template

Poster. [Screen Name]. (Year, Month Day). Title [Video]. Website name. URL

Examples

MarinaHD2001. (2009, February 10). Bizkit the sleep walking dog [Video]. YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2BgjH_CtIA

Open RN Project. (2023, January 15). Full bed bath [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5GYMOvjjtk

Notes on style

The person or group who uploaded the video is used as the author, even if they did not create the work. Give their real name if available. Add their screen name (if there is one) in square brackets, or just their screen name if their real name is unknown.
Give the exact date of the post.
Add the form in square brackets to the title.
Give the full URL of the post. If the item is archived, give the archived version URL (click post’s date stamp).

TED Talk

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Watched on TED website:

Amanda Palmer (2013) used examples from her career as a busker and a musician to discuss the sharing economy.

Watched on YouTube:

Amanda Palmer used examples from her career as a busker and a musician to discuss the sharing economy (TED, 2013).

Notes on style

Use the speaker's name in the context of your sentence if necessary.

Direct quote

Watched on TED website:

"So I had the most profound encounters ..." (Palmer, 2013).

Watched on YouTube:

"So I had the most profound encounters ..." (TED, 2013).

Reference list

Watched on TED website:

Template

Speaker. [Screen Name]. (Year, Month). Title [Form]. TED Conferences. URL

Example

Palmer, A. (2013, February). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/amanda_palmer_the_art_of_asking

Watched on YouTube:

Template

TED. (Year, Month Day). Speaker: Title [Form]. YouTube. URL

Example

TED. (2013, March 1). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMj_P_6H69g

Notes on style

The author's name is 'TED' in this case because the TED organisation posted the video to YouTube.
YouTube shows the date that the video was posted as March 1, 2013, so that's the date to use in this reference.

Web document (pdf)

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to the City of Ballarat (2011) there has been a housing boom over the past ...

There has been a housing boom in the Ballarat area … (City of Ballarat, 2011).

The outcomes for early years learning and development ... (Department of Education and Training [DET] & Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority [VCAA], 2016).

The Department of Education and Training & Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (DET & VCAA, 2016) state that ….

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) of the direct quote from the PDF document.

"There has been an upsurge in the housing industry in the Ballarat area over the past three years due to more the appeal of country living" (City of Ballarat, 2011, p. 5).

Notes on style

If the name i.e., corporate author of an organization or government body is long and is well-known by an abbreviation, give its full name and then the abbreviation in square brackets in the first in-text citation e.g. (Department of Education and Training [DET], 2020)
In all subsequent in-text citations, give abbreviations only. e.g. (DET, 2020). Only do this if you use the abbreviated name in your sentences.

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Title [Document type if required]. Site name. DOI or URL

Examples

City of Ballarat. (2011). Annual report. http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/media/499612/annual%20report_complete.pdf

Department of Education and Training, & Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority. (2016). Victorian early years learning and development framework: For all children from birth to eight years. https://www.education.vic.gov.au/documents/childhood/providers/edcare/veyldframework.pdf

Parks Victoria. (2004). Fire ecology in the Grampians [Brochure]. City of Brambuk. http://www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/GrampiansNationalParkFireEcology.pdf

Notes on style

If citing information taken directly from a web page document, include the authors (which may be different from the site hosting it). If no authors are stated then use the company or organisation name.
If no year is stated then use n.d. for no date.
When the site name is the same as the author, omit the site name to avoid repetition.
Give the name of the corporate author in full (not as an abbreviation or acronym) in the reference list. Include only the specific agency responsible for the publication - do not include the name of parent organisations (e.g. State Government of Victoria) unless you need to avoid ambiguity

Online curriculum resources

Examples can be found in the Education: Early Childhood, Primary and Secondary subject guide.

Website post or page (general treatment)

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to the World Health Organization (2018) ...

The My Aged Care website offers many support services for aged care including ... (Department of Health, 2018).

The design of the curriculum ... (Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [ACARA], n.d.)

According to the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA, n.d.) curriculum design should ...

Direct quote

According to the Department of Health (2018) the services offered by My Aged Care "involve a wide range of people to make sure it meets users’ needs" (para. 1).

Notes on style

If the name i.e., corporate author of an organisation or government body is long and is well-known by an abbreviation, give its full name then the abbreviation in square brackets in the first in-text citation e.g. (Department of Education and Training [DET], 2020)
In all subsequent in-text citations, give abbreviation only. e.g. (DET, 2020). Only do this if you use the abbreviated name in your sentences.
Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers unless they are in PDF format. In this case, use the paragraph number (you will have to count them yourself).
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and use the name of the section or the paragraph number as part of the in-text reference if quoting from a website that is not a PDF document.

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year/Date). Title [Form, if needed]. Site name. URL

Examples

Department of Health. (2018). Latest My Aged Care updates: Ageing and aged care. https://agedcare.health.gov.au/programs/my-aged-care/latest-my-aged-care-updates

Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority. (n.d.). English as an additional language (EAL). https://victoriancurriculum.vcaa.vic.edu.au/english/english-as-an-additional-language-eal/

World Health Organization. (2018, March). Questions and answers on immunization and vaccine safety. https://www.who.int/mongolia/health-topics/vaccines/faq

Template with a retrieval date

Author. (Year/Date). Title [Form, if needed]. Site name. Retrieved Month Day, Year from URL

Example

Department of Health. (n.d.). Coronavirus (COVID-19) current situation and case numbers. Retrieved August 13, 2020 from https://www.health.gov.au/news/health-alerts/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov-health-alert/coronavirus-covid-19-current-situation-and-case-numbers

Notes on style

You must include an in-text citation and reference list entry for a website/webpage if you mention specific information from it, whether you are paraphrasing or quoting directly.
Give the name of the person or group who created the content on the page.
Give the year or specific date of the page (as displayed on the individual page) or use the copyright date, last updated date, or (n.d.) as appropriate.
Give the title of the page. If there is no title, give a short descriptive phrase in square brackets. If the material is non-routine, add a description of form in square brackets.
When the site name is the same as the author, omit the site name to avoid repetition.
Give URL of the page (archived URL if available; click date stamp to access) or of the home page, whichever is more direct/reliable.
Provide a retrieval date for references where the content changes over time, such as for non-archived social media pages.
If the content changes over time, use n.d. for the publication date.
Give the name of the corporate author in full (not as an abbreviation or acronym) in the reference list. Include only the specific agency responsible for the publication - do not include the name of parent organisations (e.g. State Government of Victoria) unless you need to avoid ambiguity.

Online curriculum resources

Examples can be found in the Education: Early Childhood, Primary and Secondary subject guide.

Referring to a website in-text

The video-sharing website YouTube (http://www.youtube.com) is … IN WRITING ONLY

No reference entry required

When making a general reference to a website as a whole (i.e., not to a specific document, page or post on the site), give the URL in round brackets after the mention; no reference entry is needed.

Website

Referring to a website as a whole

When making a general reference to a website as a whole (i.e., not to a specific document, page, or post on the site), give the URL in round brackets after the mention; no reference entry is needed.

No reference entry required

Example: The video-sharing website YouTube (http://www.youtube.com) is … IN WRITING ONLY

A specific document, page, or post

If you mention specific information from a website post or page, you must include an in-text citation and reference list entry whether you are paraphrasing or quoting directly.

Specific advice and examples can be found in other sections of this guide, for example, a Web document, Website post or page (general treatment), Audio-visual material, Images, Online discussions, social media, etc.

Book or journal article

In-text citations

As shown in Figure 1 . . . (Fernandez-Lizarbe et al., 2013).

Figure 1 illustrates . . . (Fernandez-Lizarbe et al., 2013).

Notes on style

Within the written body of your paper, cite the figure as you would for a normal in-text reference, using the author of the article or book you found the image in.
Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do not refer to the figure as “the Figure above/below”, or “the Figure on page 17”.
If there is no artist recorded for the image, use the title in the position the author would normally be in. Please note, in APA the word “figure” is used to refer to all images, graphs, charts, and visual material.
When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
- within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
- below the figure.
Reference the figure in your list according to the source you found it. So if you retrieved it from a journal article, just reference the actual article as normal.

Above figure

Template

Figure number

Figure x.

Figure title

Title.

Below figure

Template

Print book

Note. Image description. Adapted from/From Book Title, by Author, Year, Publisher. DOI or URL. Copyright/licence. Permission (if required eg. for thesis or publication).

Online journal article

Note. Image description. Adapted from/From “Journal Article Title”, by Author, Year, Journal name, Volume(Issue), p. xx. URL or DOI. Copyright/licence. Permission (if required eg. for thesis or publication).

Example

Figure 1.

Drawing of Rip van Winkle

Rip van winkle stands in front of his cottage. He is old and wearing ragged clothes

Note. Rip returns to his house in ruins. From Rip van Winkle, by W. Irving, 1848, American Art Union. CC0.

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, vol(issue), xx–xx. DOI or URL

Example

Fletcher, M. (2014). Our mob: Art by South Australian Aboriginal artists. Artlink, 34(2), 101-102. https://www.artlink.com.au

Web page

In-text citations

As shown in Figure 2 . . . (National Cancer Institute, 2016).

Figure 2 illustrates . . . (National Cancer Institute, 2016).

Notes on style

Within the written body of your paper, cite the figure as you would for a normal in-text reference.
- Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do not refer to the figure as “the Figure above/below”, or “the Figure on page 17”.
When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
- within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
- below the figure.
If there is no artist recorded for the image, use the title in the position the author would normally be in. Please note, in APA the word “figure” is used to refer to all images, graphs, charts and visual material.
Reference the figure in your list according to the source you found it. So if you retrieved it from a website, just reference the actual website as normal.

Above figure

Template

Figure number

Figure x.

Figure title

Title.

Below figure

Template

Note. Title or image description. Adapted from/ From Webpage title, by Author, Year, URL. Copyright/licence. Permission (if required eg. for thesis or publication).

Example

Figure 1.

Diagram of lungs.

diagram of lungs

Note. Lungs diagram detailed. From Wikimedia, by P. Lynch and C. Jaffe, 2006, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lungs_diagram_detailed.svg. CC2.5.

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Title [Form]. Website name. URL

Example

Hopkins, C. (2018). Change the rules rally 23 October. [Photograph]. On the Record. https://otr.anmfvic.asn.au/articles/nurses-midwives-and-carers-march-to-change-the-rules

Notes on style

Also, include the image type in square brackets e.g. [Photograph].

Library database

In-text citations

As shown in Figure 3 . . . (The eye, n.d.).

Figure 3 illustrates . . . (The eye, n.d.).

Notes on style

If there is no author or artist recorded for the image, use the title in the position the author would normally be in. Please note, in APA the word “figure” is used to refer to all images, graphs, charts, and visual material.
- within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
- below the figure.
When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
- Within the written body of your paper, cite the figure as you would for a normal in-text reference.
- Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do not refer to the figure as “the Figure above/below”, or “the Figure on page 17”.
Reference the figure in your list according to the source you found it. So if you retrieved it from a journal article, just reference the actual article as normal.

Above figure

Template

Figure number

Figure x.

Figure title

Title.

Below figure

Template

Note. Title or image description [Form]. Adapted from/From Database, by Author, Year, URL. Copyright/licence. Permission if required (eg. for thesis or publication).

Example

Figure 3.

The Butterfly Nebula.

nebula

Note. NGC 6302: The Butterfly Nebula [Photograph]. From Hubblesite, by NASA, ESA and J. Kastner, 2020, https://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hvi/uploads/image/display_image/4680/STScI-H-p2031b-d-1280x720.png CC4.0

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Title [Form]. Database name. URL

Example

The eye [Illustration]. (n.d.). Anatomy TV. http://www.anatomy.tv/gotoview.aspx?cus=&htmlhapURL=product/specialsenses/type/Topics/displayType/displayFlash/id/6/layer/3/angle/0/structureID/-1

Notes on style

Include the form type in square brackets e.g. [Illustration].

Creative commons

In-text citations

As shown in Figure 4 . . . (West, 2012).

Figure 4 illustrates . . . (West, 2012).

Notes on style

If there is no author or artist recorded for the image, use the title in the position the author would normally be in. Please note, in APA the word “figure” is used to refer to all images, graphs, charts, and visual material.
- within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
- below the figure.
When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
- Within the written body of your paper, cite the figure as you would for a normal in-text reference.
- Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do not refer to the figure as “the Figure above/below”, or “the Figure on page 17”.
Reference the figure in your list according to the source you found it. So if you retrieved it from a journal article, just reference the actual article as normal.

Above figure

Template

Figure number

Figure x.

Figure title

Title.

Below figure

Template

Note. Title or image description. Adapted from/From Creative Commons source, by Author, Year, URL. Copyright/licence. Permission (if required eg. for thesis or publication).

Example

Figure 1.

Primary school classroom.

Note. Classroom tour 3. From Flickr, by K. Cassidy, 2006, https://flic.kr/p/7UahE9. CC0.

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Title [Form]. Website name. URL

Example

Cassidy, K. (2006). Classroom tour 3. [Photograph]. Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/7UahE9

Notes on Style

Include the form type in square brackets e.g. [Photograph].

Map, chart, illustration, figure, table

In-text citations

The city of Casey as shown in Figure 4 … (Victorian Electoral Commission, 2012).

The Victorian Electoral Commission (2012) published a very useful map, shown in Figure 4 …

Notes on style

If there is no author or artist recorded for the image, use the title in the position the author would normally be in. Please note, in APA the word “figure” is used to refer to all images, graphs, charts, and visual material.
- within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
- below the figure.
When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
- Within the written body of your paper, cite the figure as you would for a normal in-text reference.
- Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do not refer to the figure as “the Figure above/below”, or “the Figure on page 17”.
Reference the figure in your list according to the source you found it. So if you retrieved it from a journal article, just reference the actual article as normal.

Above figure

Template

Figure number

Figure x.

Figure title

Title.

Below figure

Template

Note. Title or image description. Adapted from/From Source Name, by Author, Year, URL. Copyright/licence. Permission (if required eg. for thesis or publication).

Example

Figure 2.

Map of Victoria.

old map of victoria

Note. Victoria. From University of Texas Libraries by McCarron, Bird and co., 1916, https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/australia_1916_victoria.jpg. Public domain.

Reference list

Online

Template

Author. (Year). Title [Form]. Publisher. DOI/URL

Example

Victorian Electoral Commission. (2016). Electoral structure of Casey City Council [Map]. Casey City Council. https://www.vec.vic.gov.au/electoral-boundaries/local-councils/casey-city-council

Notes on style

Give the author and the year of publication. If the author is the same as the publisher, there is no need to state a publisher before the URL.
Then the title of the item (no italics) and add the form (e.g., ‘Map’, ‘Photograph’) in square brackets. If no title or caption, give a short description in the same square brackets as the form.

Print

Template

Author. (Year). Title [Form]. Publisher.

Example

Timms, P. E. (2006). Colonial settlement in Tasmania. Tiger Press.

Notes on style

Give an in-text citation and reference entry for the print source containing the item, not the item itself. The title should be in italics. Add the identifying number to the in-text citation: ‘… (Timms, 2006, Figure 2)’.

Visual artwork

In-text citations

Figure 3 depicts ….. (Rackham, 1904).

The artwork by Rackham (1904)….

Notes on style

If there is no author or artist recorded for the image, use the title in the position the author would normally be in. Please note, in APA the word “figure” is used to refer to all images, graphs, charts, and visual material.
- within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
- below the figure.
When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
- Within the written body of your paper, cite the figure as you would for a normal in-text reference.
- Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do not refer to the figure as “the Figure above/below”, or “the Figure on page 17”.
Reference the figure in your list according to the source you found it. So if you retrieved it from a journal article, just reference the actual article as normal.

Use the artist’s name as the author

Above figure

Template

Figure number

Figure x.

Figure title

Title.

Below figure

Template

Note. Title or image description. Adapted from/From Source Name, by Author, Year, URL. Copyright/licence. Permission (if required eg. for thesis or publication).

Example

Figure 3.

The thundershower.

abstract art

Note. The thundershower (study for painting). From The Smithsonian American Art Museum, by H. Lyman Sayen, 1916, https://www.si.edu/object/thundershower-study-painting:saam_1968.19.6CC0.

Reference list

Template

Artist. (Year). Title of artwork [Medium]. Gallery, City, Country: OR URL

Original artwork as seen in person

Brack, J. (1955). The fish shop [Oil on composition board]. Museum of Modern Art, Melbourne, Australia.

Notes on style

Give the name of the artist, the year the artwork was created, the title of artwork (italics), medium (square brackets, no italics), and the location and name of the museum or gallery you saw the artwork at.

Online reproduction

Brack, J. (1955). The fish shop [Oil on composition board]. National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne. http://www.ngv/collections/johnbrack

Notes on style

Give the artist, year, title, medium, and URL.

Print reproduction

Bryant, H. (Ed.). (1993). Australian artists. Larwitt.

Notes on style

Give a reference entry for the print source (e.g., book) containing reproduction, not the artwork itself. Name the artist and artwork in the text and add the page or plate number to the in-text citation for the print source; e.g., ‘(Bryant, 1993, p. 46)’.

Personal photos

In-text citations

As shown in Figure 2 . . . (National Cancer Institute, 2016).

Figure 2 illustrates . . . (National Cancer Institute, 2016).

Notes on style

If there is no author or artist recorded for the image, use the title in the position the author would normally be in. Please note, in APA the word “figure” is used to refer to all images, graphs, charts, and visual material.
- Within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
- below the figure.
When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
- Within the written body of your paper, cite the figure as you would for a normal in-text reference.
- Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do not refer to the figure as “the Figure above/below”, or “the Figure on page 17”.
You do not need to include them in the reference list as they are not retrievable by anybody else.

A personal photograph was taken by yourself

Above figure

Template

Figure number

Figure x.

Figure title

Title.

Below figure

Template

Note. Title or image description. From a personal photograph, by Author, Year. Copyright Year by author.

Example

Figure 1.

De Adriaan Windmill, Haarlem, Netherlands, 2019.

A personal photo was taken by someone else

Above figure

Template

Figure number

Figure x.

Figure title

Title.

Below figure

Template

Note. Title or image description. From personal photograph, by Author, Year. Copyright Year by author. Reprinted with permission.

Example

Figure 2.

One of many canals in Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2019.

Citing sources within a table

In an assignment, you may need to create a table that combines information from multiple sources. How you cite the sources will depend on how you present your table. There are several different ways, so choose the option that best suits your needs.

Remember that each source you cite in the table will need to be in the reference list as well. The authors appear in the standard format for one, two, or three or more authors.

The table needs:

A label,
a title in italics,
headings for the rows and/or columns,
to be easy to read and understand

A column or row of standard author-date citations

Table 1

Summary of studies included in the literature review

Study	Participants	Mean participant age
Atkinson et al. (2020)	1793	70.3 years
Farina et al. (2016)	71	81.5 years
Raji et al. (2005)	2381	72.1 years

The order of the citations in the column or row is alphabetical.

Cite each piece of data using brackets

Table 2

Considerations of medication rights relating to the case study

Medication right

Salbutamol: Schedule 3- Pharmacist Only Medicine (MIMS Australia, n.d.-a)

Panadol: Schedule 1 and 2- Unscheduled or Pharmacy medicine (MIMS Australia, n.d.-b)

Right Patient

Ensure you are providing medication to the correct person (DeLaune, 2019).

Check the patient’s identification, using two identifiers (DeLaune et al, 2019).

Right Medication

Administrating the correct medication, checking the medication is correct three times (DeLaune, 2019).

Mr Sloan’s prescription of Salbutamol is a metered dose inhalation, which can be administrated through a nebuliser and is used in patients diagnosed with COPD or asthma (MIMS Australia, n.d.-a).

Mr Sloan’s prescription of Panadol is used for reducing his pain and discomfort because of his rheumatoid arthritis (MIMS Australia, n.d.-b).

Right Route

Ensuring the route of medication is specified in the order is being followed (DeLaune, 2019).

In the case of Mr Sloan, the route of Salbutamol medication delivery is through a nebuliser. A nebuliser is described as an inhaler, which is used to deliver a fine mist which contains medication droplets (DeLaune, 2019). Bonini and Usmani (2015) outline that inhalation therapy is the most effective treatment for COPD.

MIMS Australia (n.d.-b) indicates an effective method for administrating Panadol is orally with water.

An explanatory note below the table

Table 3

Comparison of medications

Generic name	Atenolol	Furosemide oral
Drug group	Beta adrenergic blocking agents	Loop diuretic
Side effects	Progression of heart failure, dyspnea, hypotension	Electrolyte imbalances, hypotension due to excessive diuresis.
Nursing considerations	Advise the patient to monitor blood pressure and heart rate regularly. Advise the patient to monitor for early signs of heart failure like dyspnea, oedema and consult the prescriber immediately if any.	Advise the patient to take the medication regularly early during the daytime and avoid scheduling it to later in the evening to manage symptoms associated with increased urination. Advise the patient to monitor blood pressure, heart rate, body weight and oedema in the extremities daily.

Note. Atenolol is from MIMS Australia, n.d.-a; Furosemide oral is from MIMS Australia, n.d.-b.

Multiple specific notes below the table with letters in superscript corresponding to the data

Table 4

Characteristics of frog distribution

Species	Status	Distribution
Eupsophus migueli	Endangered^a	Chile^b
Hyla arborea	Least concern^c	Eastern France^d
Eupsophus altor	Endangered^e	Chile^b

^aCuevas and Sanhueza, 2020. ^bCorrea and Duran, 2019. ^cAmphibiaWeb, 2021. ^dClauzel et al., 2013. ^eASG Assessment Workshop, 2009.

Notes on style

The citations in the note appear in the same order they do in the table, not alphabetically.
To insert superscript in Microsoft Word on a Windows device, highlight the letter, and press Control, Shift, and + at the same time. For a Mac, highlight the letter, and press Command, Shift, and + at the same time.

This information has been adapted from advice given on the APA6 blog, however, it is still applicable to APA7.

Blog post

In-text citations

This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable. Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources; Personal communication.

Paraphrasing

Daly (2014) asserts that a Pennsylvanian student buys WMD ingredients …

A Pennsylvanian student has been buying WMD ingredients … (Daly, 2014).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.

"A Pennsylvanian student has been buying ingredients on Amazon for a WMD … " (Daly, 2014, para. 5).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year, Month Day). Title. Name of blog. URL

Example

Daly, Michael. (2014, January 29). Pennsylvania student proves you could buy ingredients for a WMD on Amazon. The Daily Beast. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/01/28/

Notes on style

If both an author’s real name and username are known, provide the real name of the individual (in inverted format) or group, followed by the username in square brackets. If their real name is unknown, use just their username without brackets.
Give the exact date of the post. Give only the year if using an entire feed or page and not a specific post.
Give the full URL of the post. If the item is archived, give the archived version URL (click the post’s date stamp).
A retrieval date is not needed for items with a specific associated date (e.g., individual tweets, posts, etc.), but is needed for whole feeds/pages because the content will change.

Facebook post

In-text citations

This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable. Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources; Personal communication.

Paraphrasing

Coles Supermarket (2014) is pleased to announce ...

A recent announcement by Coles states that … (Coles Supermarket, 2014).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.

Coles Supermarket CEO announced at a recent promotional event that "Our Coles Brand fresh chicken is 100% RSPCA Approved which means …" (Coles Supermarket, 2014, para 1).

Reference list

Facebook post

Template

Author. (Year, Month Day). Title [Form]. Website title. URL

Example

Coles Supermarkets. (2014, January 2). Good news: In another national supermarket first, we’re pleased to announce 100% of our Coles Brand fresh chicken is now RSPCA Approved [Facebook post]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/coles/posts/639616386102380?stream_ref=10

Notes on style

If both an author’s real name and username are known, provide the real name of the individual (in inverted format) or group, followed by the username in square brackets. If their real name is unknown, use just their username without brackets.
For social media posts, use up to the first 20 words of the post as the title
Give the exact date of the post.
A retrieval date is not needed for posts as the post has a specific date linked to it.

Facebook page

Template

Author. (n.d.). Title [Facebook page]. Website title. Retrieved URL

Example

Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved July 22, 2019 from https://facebook.com/nationalzoo

Notes on style

If both an author’s real name and username are known, provide the real name of the individual (in inverted format) or group, followed by the username in square brackets. If their real name is unknown, use just their username without brackets.
Use n.d. (no date) if using an entire feed or page and not a specific post.
The title will be the page title, eg Home, About, Photos
Add the form in square brackets to the title, eg Facebook post, Facebook page, infographic.
Give the full URL of the post. If the item is archived, give the archived version URL (click post’s date stamp).
A retrieval date is needed for whole feeds or pages because the content will change over time.

Forum comment

In-text citations

This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable. Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources; Personal communication.

Paraphrasing

GeekBoy (2008, October 9) reports that …

Recent criticism leveled at Twitter search functions have … (GeekBoy, 2008, October 9).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.

"Unfair criticism of Twitter's search function has been reported over the past few days …" (GeekBoy, 2009, para. 2).

Reference list

Template

Author [Screen name]. (Year, Month Day). Title [Form]. Website name. URL

Example

National Aeronautics and Space Administration [nasa]. (2018, September 12). I’m NASA astronaut Scott Tingle. Ask me anything about adjusting to being back on Earth after my first spaceflight! [Online forum post]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/9fagqy/im_nasa_astronaut_scott_tingle_ask_me_anything/

Notes on style

Give the real name of the poster. Add their exact screen name in square brackets. If their real name is unknown, just give their screen name without brackets.
Give the exact date of the post.
Give up to the first 20 words of the comment as the title.
Add the form in square brackets to the title.
Give the full URL of the post. If the item is archived, give the archived version URL (click post’s date stamp).

In-text citations

This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable. Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources; Personal communication.

Paraphrasing

West (2013) pays tribute to Mandela's life work …

In a recent Twitter, Barack Obama paid tribute to Aretha Franklin who was well known as the Queen of Soul Obama, 2018).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.

"In her voice, we could feel our history, all of it and in every shade—our power and our pain, our darkness and our light, our quest for redemption and our hard-won respect" (Obama, 2018, para. 1).

Reference list

Template

Author [Screen name]. (Year, Month Day). Title [Form]. Website name. URL

Example

Badlands National Park [@BadlandsNPS]. (2018, February 26). Biologists have identified more than 400 different plant species growing in @BadlandsNPS #DYK #biodiversity [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/BadlandsNPS/status/968196500412133379

Notes on style

Give the real name of the poster, followed by their exact screen name in square brackets. Use just their screen name without brackets if their real name is unknown.
Give the exact date of the post.
Give up to the first 20 words of the tweet as the title (no italics). If there is anything included in the Tweet such as GIFs, images, or links, indicate this in square brackets after the title.
Add the form in square brackets to the title.
Give the full URL of the post.

Twitter profile

Template

Author [Screen name]. (n.d.). Title [Form]. Website name. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

Example

APA Style [@APA_Style]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved November 1, 2019, from https://twitter.com/APA_Style

Notes on style

Give the real name of the poster, followed by their exact screen name in square brackets. Use just their screen name without brackets if their real name is unknown.
Use n.d. (no date) if using an entire feed or page and not a specific post.
The title will be the tab title, usually Tweets for a Twitter feed.
Add the form “Twitter profile” in square brackets to the title.
Give the full URL of the post. If the item is archived, give the archived version URL (click the post’s date stamp).
A retrieval date is needed for whole feeds because the content will change over time.

YouTube video

In-text citations

This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable. Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources; Personal communication.

Paraphrasing

Telemedicine benefits from Robonaut technology due to … (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2014).

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2014) states that …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a time stamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"The benefits of Robonaut technology on telemedicine have …" (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2014, 01:33).

Reference list

Template

Poster. [Screen Name]. (Year, Month Day). Title [Video]. Website name. URL

Examples

MarinaHD2001. (2009, February 10). Bizkit the sleep walking dog [Video]. Youtube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2BgjH_CtIA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. [NASA] (2014, January 17). Robonaut supports telemedicine advances [Video]. Youtube. http://youtube/9gbfL590Fgg

Notes on style

The person or group who uploaded the video is used as the author, even if they did not create the work. Give their real name if available. Add their screen name (if there is one) in square brackets, or just their screen name if their real name is unknown.
Give the exact date of the post.
Add the form in square brackets to the title.
Give the full URL of the post. If the item is archived, give the archived version URL (click the post’s date stamp).

TED Talk

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Watched on TED website:

Amanda Palmer (2013) used examples from her career as a busker and a musician to discuss the sharing economy.

Watched on YouTube:

Amanda Palmer used examples from her career as a busker and a musician to discuss the sharing economy (TED, 2013).

Use the speaker's name in the context of your sentence if necessary.

Direct quote

Watched on TED website:

"So I had the most profound encounters ..." (Palmer, 2013).

Watched on YouTube:

"So I had the most profound encounters ..." (TED, 2013).

Reference list

Template

Watched on TED website:

Speaker. [Screen Name]. (Year, Month). Title [Form]. TED Conferences. URL

Example

Palmer, A. (2013, February). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/amanda_palmer_the_art_of_asking

Watched on YouTube:

Template

TED. (Year, Month Day). Speaker: Title [Form]. YouTube. URL

Example

TED. (2013, March 1). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMj_P_6H69g

Notes on style

The author's name is 'TED' in this case because the TED organisation posted the video on YouTube.
YouTube shows the date that the video was posted as March 1, 2013, so that's the date to use in this reference.

Indigenous knowledge

Recorded traditional knowledge or oral traditions

This guide is based on the Indigenous Reference Guidance for Indigenous Knowledges published by CAVAL and the Indigenous Archives Collective which outlines best practice when evaluating and citing Indigenous knowledge.

Indigenous cultural heritage belongs to Indigenous Peoples and does not adhere to Western conventions of knowledge ownership. Where possible, collaboration with Indigenous people is recommended to ensure information can be shared and accurately reflects their perspectives.

Before deciding how to cite Indigenous knowledges, please consult the Indigenous Knowledge Attribution Toolkit Decision Tree first to evaluate the content and authorship of the source you wish to use and consider the following:

Was the content collected with informed consent? Does it use outdated terminology. Is the content contemporary?
Is the author of the Indigenous knowledge Indigenous themselves? Are their Indigenous authors in the field you could cite instead?
If you find sources are problematic but you would still like to use them, make it clear you have considered its limitations and justify why you still intend to use them.

Indigenous knowledges belong not only to individual authors, but to wider Nations, Countries or Language groups. When citing Indigenous Knowledges, where it is known, include the author’s Nation/Country/Language Group in in the in-text citation and reference list entry.

Terms related to Indigenous Peoples need to be capitalised, such as names of nations or groups (Wurundjeri, Kalkadoon) and words related to Indigenous culture (Oral Traditions, Traditional Custodian). This demonstrates respect for Indigenous Peoples and perspectives.

In-text citations

(Author, Year, Nation/Country/Language Group) or (Author, Year, Nation/Country/Language Group, Page number)

...words and phrases related to woman spirit (Couzens, Keerray Wooroong; Gunditjmara, 2018).

As argued by Couzens (Keerray Wooroong; Gunditjmara), (2018) ...

"Daughters hold to carry on seven generations...and more" (Couzens, Keerray Wooroong; Gunditjmara, 2018, p.40).

Reference List

The follow examples are for a journal article entry. For more examples consult the Indigenous Reference Guidance for Indigenous Knowledges.

Template

Author Surname, Initial(s). (Nation/Country/Language Group). (Year). Title of journal article. Journal name, Volume(edition), Page number(s). DOI address

Example

Couzens, V. (Keerray Wooroong; Gunditjmara). (2018). Woman spirit - weerreeyaar; Weerreeyaar - woman spirit. The Lifted Brow, 40, 60. https://doi.org/10.3316/informit.036973519792855

Unrecorded traditional knowledge or oral traditions

If the Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions have not been recorded and are therefore not recoverable by readers, cite them as personal communications with as much detail as possible. A reference entry is not needed.

If you spoke with an Indigenous person to find information but they were not a research participant, use a variation of the personal communication citation. Provide the person’s

Full name
Indigenous nation or group they belong to
Location
Any other relevant details about them
Follow with the words ‘personal communication’ and the exact date of correspondence. If communication was over a time period, give a date range.

Template (In-text citation only)

(Surname, Nation/Country/Language Group, personal communication, Month Day, Year)

Example

...passed on through generations (Faulkhead, Koorie, personal communication, November 4, 2022)

As shared by Faulkhead (Koorie), (personal communication, November 4, 2022) ...

Notes on style

If you are presenting an Oral History of research participants, use the usual format for quotations but no formal citation or reference entry is needed. Just state in the text that the quote is from a research participant.

Brochure, pamphlet, catalogue

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

A recent exhibition of Australian Impressionists in France … (Taylor, 2013).

Taylor's (2013) exhibition catalogue presents Australian Impressionists who have recently exhibited in France …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).

"Well known Australian impressionists have recently exhibited in Paris to great acclaim ..." (Taylor, 2013, p. 1).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Title [Brochure]. Publisher. DOI/URL

Examples

Exhibition catalogue (print)

Taylor, E. (2013). Australian impressionists in France [Exhibition catalogue]. National Gallery of Victoria.

Brochure (online)

Parks Victoria. (2004). Fire ecology in the Grampians [Brochure]. Brambuk Council. http://www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/GrampiansNationalParkFireEcology.pdf

Notes on style

Give the author and publication year or date as shown on the document. Give the title in italics.
Add a description in square brackets (no italics) to the title.

Conference papers

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

A recent exhibition of Australian impressionists in France … (Taylor, 2013).

Wenzel (1998) claims that Fellini's films were ...

Films by Fellini have been very popular … (Wenzel, 1998).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).

"Fellini's films always drew much attention from …" (Wenzel, 1998, p. 54).

Reference list

Conference presentation

Template

Presenter. (Year, Month Days). Title [Form]. Conference name, City, State, Country. URL

Example

Wenzel, B. Q. (1998, June 12-14). Films of Fellini [Conference presentation]. Annual Meeting of the Society for Cinema Studies, Ballarat, Australia.

Notes on style

Give the entire date range of the conference, the title of the paper (italics) and the presentation type in square brackets, followed by the name and location of the meeting.

Conference paper published

Template

Author. (Year). Title of paper. In Editor (Ed.), Proceedings of the Conference Name (pp. xx–xx). Publisher OR DOI/URL

Example

Carbone, A., Mitchell, I., Gunstone, D., & Hurst, J. (2002). Designing programming tasks to elicit self-management metacognitive behaviour. In B. Werner (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers in Education (pp. 533-534). https://doi.org/10.1109/CIE.2002.1185998

Notes on style

Reference a conference paper published in a collection as an edited book.

Course materials

Warning

** Check with your teacher or lecturer before including this material as a reference source**

LIVE CLASSES, LECTURES, AND PRESENTATIONS: These are not recoverable so are not included in the reference list. Treat as personal communications: (e.g., ‘… in a lecture on chaos theory (M. Green, personal communication, May 1, 2009) …’.
ONLINE LECTURES AND PRESENTATIONS: These are recoverable so they can be included in the reference list if permitted by your teacher or lecturer. Treat according to publication type (e.g., video post, podcast, stand-alone document, etc.).
PRINT CLASS MATERIAL, HANDOUTS: These are not recoverable if they are available only to participating students. If permitted for use as a source, use the following format.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Retribution can be very costly because … (Huang, 2012).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " .

Stamate (2016) claims that "drought tolerant plants have evolved …"

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. Platform. DOI/URL

Examples

Online document/file

Hull, B. & Drennon, D. (2011, February 17). Stomata density [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/BreanaHull/stomata-density-denzelbreana-6963546

Online lecture

Stamate, G. (2016, March 30). Amazing landscape designs with drought-tolerant plants [Video]. Moodle. https://moodle.federation.edu.au/login/index.php

Print handout (lecture notes)

Huang, L. (2012, March 5). The cost of retribution [Lecture notes]. School of Arts, Central University.

Notes on style

Use the platform as the publisher (eg Moodle). If you retrieve content from a classroom website or learning management system (such as Moodle) that you need to log in to access, use the login page for the URL.
For paper handouts, use the School or Faculty as the publisher and include the institution name.

Encyclopaedia entry

Warning

** Check with your teacher or lecturer before using Wikipedia as a reference source**

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Reed (2003) states that …

Black holes are still being discovered … (Reed, 2003).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page or paragraph number (if online).

"Recent discoveries of black holes …" (Reed, 2003, p. 502).

Reference list

Individual author

Template

Author. (Year). Title of entry. In Editor names (Eds.), Title of reference work (Edition information) (pp. xx–xx). Publisher. DOI/URL

Examples

Reed, D. L. (2003). Black holes. In E. Smith (Ed.), Science Encyclopedia (5th ed.), (pp. 501–508). Academic Resources.

McColl, G. (2014). Abba. In L. Stacy & L. Henderson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of music in the 20th century. Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315062051

Group author

Template

Group Author. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from DOI/URL

Example

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.) Self-report. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved July 12, 2019, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/self-report

Notes on style

Give the author of entry if one is named, otherwise use the entry title.
Give the title of the entry (no italics) and the title of the whole work/website (italics) preceded by ‘In’ (no italics).
Give the page and any edition and volume numbers after the title. Page numbers are not needed if entries are arranged in a single alphabetical sequence.
Give publication information or DOI or URL if online. Provide the URL of the source (use the permanent link).
Include a retrieval date if the content is not fixed (i.e., likely to be edited or updated). If this is the case use n.d. for the date of publication.

Interview transcript

Introduction

Personal interviews are those you conduct yourself to obtain more information to support a point you are making, such as emailing a professor. In this case, treat as personal communication.

Research participant interviews are those you conduct yourself as part of your own original research methodology. These do not need to be cited or referenced.

Transcripts

For published interviews, reference them according to the source you found them in (eg magazine, YouTube).
Stand-alone interviews can be used as references if recoverable by your reader (e.g., transcripts or recordings). Treat interviews that are not recoverable as personal communications.

Recordings

For an archived radio interview, use the following format.

In-text citations

Use the name of the person being interviewed in the citation as the author.

Paraphrasing

During an interview with Neil Armstrong … (Armstrong, 2001).

Neil Armstrong fondly remembers … (Armstrong, 2001).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).

"When we finally landed on the moon …" (Armstrong, 2001, p. 5).

Reference list

Template

Interviewee. (Year, Month, Day). Title [Format]. Publisher. OR DOI/URL

Example

Armstrong, N. A. (2001, September 19). An interview with Neil Armstrong [Interview]. Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/62281main_armstrong_oralhistory.pdf

Notes on style

Name the interviewee at the beginning of the entry. If there is no title, give a description in square brackets. Give form in square brackets where needed.

Media release

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Recent industrial action … (Qantas, 2011).

Qantas (2011) announced …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and the paragraph number(s).

"We apologise for the interruption to international flights due to recent industrial action … " (Qantas, 2011, para. 1).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year, Month Day). Title [Description]. Publisher. URL

Example

Qantas. (2011, October 29). Response to industrial action [Media release]. http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/media-releases/oct-2011/5218/

MIMS Online

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Single reference:

... to ameliorate pain (MIMS Australia, n.d.).

Multiple references:

If you have multiple drug references from MIMS Online, reference them using a hyphen and lower-case letter after the n.d. (-a, -b, -c, etc), and in alphabetical order in the reference list:

... might use Advil (MIMS Australia, n.d.-a). Panadol might be used for older children (MIMS Australia, n.d.-b) ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and use the name of the section or the paragraph number (count manually) as part of the in-text reference.

Using section name

Coumadin is “completely absorbed after oral administration with peak concentration generally attained within the first 4 hours” (MIMS Australia, n.d., 5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties).

Using paragraph number

Advil in small children is used for the “temporary relief of pain, discomfort …” (MIMS Australia, n.d., para. 7).

Reference list

Template

Author. (Date). Title. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL.

Examples

Single reference

MIMS Australia. (n.d.). Advil childrens 2-7 years chewable tablets. MIMS Online. Retrieved June 7, 2019, from https://www-mimsonline-com-au.ap1.proxy.openathens.net/Search/AbbrPI.aspx?ModuleName=Product%20Info&searchKeyword=advil&PreviousPage=~/Search/QuickSearch.aspx&SearchType=&ID=98170001_2

MIMS Australia. (n.d.). Coumadin. MIMS Online. Retrieved June 7, 2019, from https://www-mimsonline-com-au.ap1.proxy.openathens.net/Search/FullPI.aspx?ModuleName=Product%20Info&searchKeyword=warfarin&PreviousPage=~/Search/QuickSearch.aspx&SearchType=&ID=3050001_2

Multiple references

MIMS Australia. (n.d.-a). Advil childrens 2-7 years chewable tablets. MIMS Online. Retrieved June 7, 2019, from https://www-mimsonline-com-au.ap1.proxy.openathens.net/Search/AbbrPI.aspx?ModuleName=Product%20Info&searchKeyword=advil&PreviousPage=~/Search/QuickSearch.aspx&SearchType=&ID=98170001_2

MIMS Australia. (n.d.-b). Panadol (children) 7+ years soluble tablets. MIMS Online. Retrieved June 7, 2019, from https://www-mimsonline-com-au.ap1.proxy.openathens.net/Search/AbbrPI.aspx?ModuleName=Product%20Info&searchKeyword=panadol&PreviousPage=~/Search/QuickSearch.aspx&SearchType=&ID=41310001_2

Notes on style

Put the title (in this case the drug) in sentence case (the first word of the sentence and proper nouns start with a capital letter) and in italics.
Follow the specific entry with the site title. (In this case, MIMS Online.)
n.d. (no date) is used for online material where the content is updated without notice (no “Updated on [date]”).
Use the URL of the specific page (note: URL shorteners are acceptable, if stable)
Include the date you looked at the MIMS entry (MIMS Online is constantly updated, so information might change with time).

Personal communication

Warning

** Check with your teacher or lecturer before including this material as a reference source**

Notes on style

Personal communications are not recoverable, so they are not included in the reference list but may be referred to in the text. Identify the communicator (seek approval for private communications) and date in round brackets (omit any detail already in the surrounding sentence). The following sources are considered to be personal communications:

Live lectures, presentations, performances, speeches, etc.
Private communications, such as letters, emails, conversations, personal interviews, or posts and comments on social media or other sites protected by privacy settings.
Class or lecture notes were taken by yourself or other students, and material accessible only to students of the unit course or institution.

In-text citation

E. Jensen, personal communication, June 7, 2008 IN-TEXT CITATION

Ford’s Adelaide performance (Festival Theatre, May 6, 2008) IN-TEXT CITATION

No reference entry required

Report, government or corporate

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to the 2016 Defence White Paper, there are … (Department of Defence, 2016).

Outback Windmills are now subject to … (Department of Primary Industries, 2014).

The design of the curriculum ... (Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [ACARA], n.d.)

According to the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA, n.d.) curriculum design should ...

The Australian workforce is made up of..... (Knight et al., 2020).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).

"Australian babies that are breastfed appear to …" (Department of Health, 2014, p. 6)."Earlier estimates of the teaching qualifications ...." (Knight et al, 2020, p. 27).

Notes on style

Corporate authors (e.g. organisations or government bodies)

If the name of an organisation or government body is long and is well-known by an abbreviation, give its full name and then the abbreviation in square brackets in the first in-text citation e.g. (Department of Education and Training [DET], 2020)
In all subsequent in-text citations, give abbreviations only. e.g. (DET, 2020). Only do this if you use the abbreviated name in your sentences.

Individual authors

Some reports have the individual author names listed. In this case, use the author names in the citation

Reference list

Template

Author. (Year). Title (Series number). Publisher. DOI/URL

Examples

PDF 

Department of Defence. (2016). 2016 Defence white paper. http://www.defence.gov.au/whitepaper/Docs/2016-Defence-White-Paper.pdf

Print

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2004). Australia’s health 2004 (AIHW Cat. No. AUS 44).

When the publisher is the same as the author, omit the publisher to avoid repetition.

Individual author

Knight, G., White, I., & Granfield, P. (2020). Understanding the Australian vocational education and training workforce. National Centre for Vocational Education Research. https://www.ncver.edu.au/research-and-statistics/publications/all-publications/understanding-the-australian-vocational-education-and-training-workforce

If the publisher is commonly known by an abbreviation, such as NCVER, you need to put the entire name as the publisher, not the abbreviation.

Online curriculum resources

Examples can be found in the Education: Early Childhood, Primary and Secondary subject guide.

Review

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Schembri (2008) states that the motion picture Australia has ...

Baz Luhrmann's movie Australia has attracted large audiences … (Schembri, 2008).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).

Croggon (2014) commented that "Private Lives is a play that resonates with many audiences because ..".

Reference list

Template

Reviewer. (Year, Month Day). Title of review [Review of the film/ book etc Title of work reviewed, by name of principal contributor, role]. Name of Publication. URL

Examples

Film review (print newspaper)

Schembri, J. (2008, November 10). [Review of the motion picture Australia, by B. Luhrmann, Dir.]. The Age, p. 8.

Theatre review (online)

Croggon, A. (2014, January 31). [Review of the play Private lives, by N. Coward, Melbourne Theatre Company, Southbank Theatre, Melbourne, 2014]. The Guardian Australia. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/australia-culture-blog?page=46

Notes on style

Give the author and date of the review.
Give the title of the review followed by a description (no italics except for the title of the work being reviewed) in square brackets. If the review has no title, give a description alone in square brackets.
Where the work being reviewed is a book, omit the author’s role after their name.
Where the work being reviewed is a live performance e.g. a play, you may include the location and year of the performance to enable the reader to identify the production.
Format remaining parts according to the publication type (e.g., newspaper article, online post, etc.).

Software or app

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

It is also possible to push this information via Bluetooth technology to a compatible device (WeatherFlow, Version 1.5.0).

Direct quote

Not everything is created in-house, the About Word information acknowledges "Certain templates developed for Microsoft Corporation by Impressa Systems" (Microsoft Word, Version 16.0.4639.1000).

Reference list

Template

Developer. (Year). Title (Version number) [Form]. Company. URL

Examples

Mobile phone (app)

WeatherFlow. (2017). WeatherFlow (Version 1.5.0) [Mobile app]. Microsoft. http://www.windowsphone.com/en-au/store/

Computer software

Microsoft Word. (2019). Microsoft Word (Version 16.0.4639.1000) [Computer software]. Microsoft. https://www.microsoft.com

Notes on style

Only give reference entries for specialised software with limited distribution. No reference entry is needed for standard software and programming languages.
Give the title of the software followed by the version number in round brackets. Add a description in square brackets after the version number. Give the name of the company and DOI/URL if accessed online.
If you are referencing or citing artificial intelligence tools, see the page Artificial intelligence tools.

Standards, Australian

Introduction

Please note this section of FedCite refers to standards retrieved from the website Standards Australia, any other industry standards references will probably use a variant on the Web pages section of FedCite.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

When paraphrasing, include the organisation name (in this instance, Standards Australia) and year of publication in brackets.

Residential timber-framed construction techniques are … (Standards Australia, 2010).

Standards Australia (2010) claims that …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).

New residential timber frames "have been simplified for non-cyclonic areas of Australia due to …" (Standards Australia, 2010, p. 6).

Reference list

Provide both the title and Standard number in italics, and shorten the URL to the homepage.

Print standards

Template

Author. (Year). Standard title (Standard number).

Example

Standards Australia. (1994). Information processing - text and office systems - office document architecture (ODA) and interchange format: part 10: formal specifications (AS 3951.10:1994).

Notes on style

Provide the title (in italics), followed by the Standard number in round brackets.
As the publisher is the same as the author, the publisher field can be omitted to avoid repetition.

Online standards

TEMPLATE

Author. (Year). Standard title (Standard number). URL

Example

Standards Australia. (2010). Residential timber framed construction – simplified - non-cyclonic areas: formal specifications (AS 1684.4:2010). http://www.saiglobal.com

Notes on style

Provide the title (in italics), followed by the Standard number in round brackets.
Include the homepage URL of the database from which the standard was accessed.

Thesis

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Reid (1998) found those dysfunctional drivers...

Dysfunctional drivers cause … (Reid, 1998).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).

"Dysfunctional drivers have caused chaos on most major freeways … (Reid, 1998, p. 56).

Reference list

Print (Unpublished)

Template

Author. (Year). Title of thesis [Unpublished master's thesis/doctoral dissertation]. Institution.

Example

Reid, J. M. (1998). A cognitive study of dysfunctional driving behaviours [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Melbourne.

Online from a repository

Template

Author. (Year). Title of thesis [Master's thesis/Doctoral dissertation, Institution]. Name of repository or archive. DOI/URL

Example

Ryan, D. A. (2013). Crowd monitoring using computer vision [Doctoral dissertation, Queensland University of Technology]. QUT ePrints. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/65652/

Online from a library database

Template

Author. (Year). Title of thesis (Publication No. #) [Master's thesis/Doctoral dissertation, Institution Name]. Database name.

Example

Sutherland, A. M. (2016). Technology for single cell protein analysis in immunology and cancer prognostics (Publication No. 3738948) [Doctoral dissertation, California Institute of Technology]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Artificial intelligence tools

How do you cite and reference AI content?

To reference content output of large language models such as ChatGPT, APA advises to use the following format, based on the style for referencing software.

This guidance is taken from the APA 7 page How to cite ChatGPT.

In-text citation

Template

(Developer, Year)

Example

(OpenAI, 2023).

Reference

Template

Developer. (Year). Title (version) [Form]. URL

Example

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

Notes on style

The developer is the organisation or company that created the software.
The title is the name of the model. Include the version number in bracketsin the format used by the developer.
The form describes what is being referenced to help the reader understand.
Give the URL that links as directly as possible to the source where you access the model.

Introduction

Important: This is a guide only. To avoid losing marks confirm the referencing requirements of your school with your lecturer.

Australian Harvard is an in-text citation style. This means you insert a brief reference (‘citation’) into your writing whenever you use a source. The in-text citation is made up of the source’s author and year of publication enclosed in round brackets.

For each source identified in the text, you also need to create a matching entry in the reference list. The reference list is an alphabetical presentation of all the sources used in a piece of writing.

Each entry in the reference list should contain enough identifying detail to allow your reader to locate the source if they wished.

Additional resources

Referencing information

Study skills website

Creating in-text citations

Basic treatment (Australian Harvard)

As explained in the Australian Harvard overview, you need to insert a brief reference into your writing whenever you use a source. This is the in-text citation. It is made up of the author and the year of publication of the source. Include page numbers when you are quoting a source directly, or if the reference is long (e.g. a book or chapter) and it may be useful for the reader.

Basic author and year

(Author Year) or (Author Year, Page)

… which is confirmed by the most recent study (Jenkins 2013).

… was ‘fully confirmed by these results’ (Jenkins 2013, p. 213).

Author in sentence

… the study by Jenkins (2013) confirmed these results.

Author needing initial

… seemingly different from Twain’s later work (Grech, M 1994).

Enclose the author’s surname and year in round brackets without a comma between them.
Insert the citation before the punctuation mark that ends the sentence (or part of sentence) where you used the source.
If the author is already in sentence, give year alone in round brackets directly after the author’s name.
Write the initials and surname in your sentence if you have sources by authors with the same surname. Use their first initial/s in the reference list, as with other authors.

More than one author

2 or 3 authors

(Hendricks & Angwin 1975) OR Hendricks and Angwin (1975) …

(Smith, Hendricks & Angwin 1975) OR Smith, Hendricks and Angwin (1975) …

Name all authors in all in-text citations.
In your text, separate each author by a comma.
Join authors with ‘&’ in round brackets, or ‘and’ in the sentence.

4 or more authors

(Oakes et al. 1994) OR Oakes et al. (1994)

In your in-text citations, name the first author followed by ‘et al.’ (Latin abbreviation meaning ‘and others’) in all mentions.
Name all authors in the reference list, as given in the source.

Group author (government or organisation)

(Amnesty International 1997) OR Amnesty International (1997)

Long name, first citation

(World Health Organization [WHO] 2013)

Long name, subsequent citations

WHO (2009)

Give full name of group if you only cite it once in your work, without initials or abbreviations.
If you cite the same group source two or more times, include the initials in square brackets inside the round brackets for the first citation. For subsequent in-text citations, use only initials.
Long group names can be abbreviated in the text (optional), but show them in full the first time. Similarly, if the name is long and well-known by an abbreviation, give its full name plus the abbreviation in square brackets in the first mention.
In all later mentions, give the abbreviation only.
If you use an abbreviation in a sentence, put an extra line in your reference list:
‘WHO – see World Health Organization’.
Use the full group name for all entries in the reference list. Include initials in round brackets only if you used initials in your sentences.

Legislation/Criminal cases (government or organisation)

Title in civil case law

Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187

Title in statutes

Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s 124(1)

No punctuation is required when citing legislation/criminal case.
Formatting of civil law cases appears the same in the reference list as in your text. See the section on how to present a reference list for more examples.

No author (Australian Harvard)

Whole title, first mention

(Style manual for authors, editors and printers 1996) OR Style manual for authors, editors and printers (1996)

Part of title, subsequent mentions

(Style manual 1996) OR Style manual (1996)

Use the title of the work in italics in place of the author.
If you only cite a source using the title in place of the author once in your work, use the full title without initials or abbreviations.
In second/subsequent citations of the same source, you can give an abbreviation of the title, e.g. the first two to three words. If you use an abbreviated title in your text, add a separate line in your reference list that refers to the full source. For example: ‘Style manual – see Style manual for authors, editors and printers (1996)’.

Page numbers

Basic treatment

(Johnson 2003, p. 6) … (Kennett 1998, pp. 55–63) … (Wong 2012, Figure 3)

Page numbers are required for all direct quotes. Page numbers are not required when paraphrasing, however may be included where it would be useful for the reader.
Add the page number after the year, separated by a comma.
Use ‘p.’ before a page, or ‘pp.’ before a page range, ‘Chapter’, Figure’, or ‘Table’ to refer to a particular section or item. Indicate non-consecutive pages as (p.23, p.31).

Quotations

It was described as ‘a stunning victory’ (Harrison 1965, p. 15).

Harrison (1965) described it as ‘a stunning victory’ (p. 15).

In direct quotations, use single quotation marks to indicate exact words from the source. Use double quotation marks for a quote within a quote.
Short quotes (less than 30 words) are incorporated into your sentence, with the page reference included after the closing quotation mark.
If author and year are already part of the sentence, give the page reference alone at the end of the sentence or section.
Long quotes (30 words or more) are often referred to as block quotations, and should be separated from your writing with a semi colon, and placed on a new line. Indent the whole quote, use single line-spacing in one size smaller font, without quotation marks. The brackets with page reference details sit outside the full stop.

Carter, Chitwood, Kinzey and Cole (2000) note that:
In order to understand this neurophysiological mechanism, it is important to discuss the two proprioceptive bodies in the muscle: the muscle spindles and the Golgi tendon organs (GTOs). Muscle spindles are found within the muscle belly and provide information to the central nervous system (CNS) regarding the absolute length and the velocity of the stretch in the skeletal muscles (p. 275).

No page numbers

(Duer, 1974, ‘Introduction’, para. 12).

If no page numbers are shown on the source, you can pinpoint the information by doing one of the following:

Give an approximate page number (p.3 or 9; pp. 3-7).
Give a paragraph number/s if shown (para. 2).
Give a relevant heading or sub-heading from the source, and paragraph number/s (as counted by you).

Multiple references in same parentheses

Studies by Keen (2005); Lee (2004); and Wojk (2003) indicate that…

… along with other studies (Keen 2005; Lee 2004; Wojk 2003).

List each source alphabetically by author. Separate each work by a semicolon.
Use ‘et al.’ for a source with four or more authors.
All sources must be included in the reference list.

Multiple works by same author in same year

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Author prominent

Matthews (2010a; 2010b) writes for both teenagers and very young children.

Information prominent

A crime committed in Australia is the basis for her first fictional account (Matthews 2010a); while in the second the narrative inches slothfully into adventure (Matthews 2010b).

Direct quote

Mathews' use of dialogue shifts from the idiomatic, 'she jumps a mile and screams' (2010a, p. 47).

Reference list

Matthews, P 2010a, A girl like me, Penguin Books, Camberwell.

Matthews, P 2010b, Zizzy, Omnibus Books, Malvern.

Order alphabetically by the next element (title)
Add 'a', 'b', 'c', etc. after the year of publication (e.g. 2010a, 2010b, 2010c).

Secondary citation

In-text citation

Hilferty describes the nature of teacher professionalism as “an evolving idea that responds to political, social & historical contexts” (as quoted in Meldrum & Peters 2012, p. 109).

Reference entry

Meldrum, K & Peters, J 2012, Learning to teach health and physical education: The student, the teacher and the curriculum. Pearson Australia, Sydney.

When using a source that you found in another (secondary) source, refer to the original in your writing but only give a reference entry and in-text citation for the source that you accessed (the secondary source).
To make it clear that you have used a secondary source, include ‘as cited in’ (or ‘as quoted in’ for a quotation).

Creating reference entries

As explained in the Australian Harvard overview, each source that is referred to in the text needs a matching entry in the reference list. The entry should contain enough identifying information about the source to allow it to be located by someone else. The information is presented as parts in a set order to help the reader identify at a glance which piece of information relates to which part.

A basic Australian Harvard reference entry is made up of the following parts.

Author + Year + Title + Publisher information or DOI or URL

All the details you need for each part should be found on the source itself.

Below are instructions for formatting the parts of an Australian Harvard reference entry. When you are ready to create your entries, read the instructions and copy the punctuation used in the examples. Note that almost every part ends with a comma followed by a space. The exceptions are:

No punctuation after DOIs and URLs.
No punctuation after the author’s initial (only a space).

Author

Who created the source?

This identifies the creator or principal contributor of the source.
It could be a person or a group (organisation or government).
Some sources may have more than one author.

One author

Winton, T 2001, Dirt music, Picador, Sydney.

Give the author’s surname, a comma, and the initial/s of the given name/s.

Two authors

Hall, JL & Ashton, BT 2005, A spoonful of valour …

Name both authors and join second author by ‘&’.

Three or more authors

Donat, T, Jenkins, M, Baysch, V, Adamson, E & Farr, P 2010, Shared care…

Name all authors. Separate by commas and join last author by ‘&’.

Group author (government or organisation)

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2004, Australia’s health …

Give the name of the group in full followed immediately by the year of publication.

Legislation and criminal cases

Title in civil law case

Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187

Title in statutes

Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s 124(1)

No punctuation is required when citing legislation/criminal case. Formatting of civil law cases appears the same in the reference list as in your text. See following for more examples.

Publication year/date

When was the source published?

This identifies the year or specific date the source was made available in the version you accessed. (Use the copyright year/date if this is shown.)
For online sources, use the year or specific date the content was created (for a page or document), or the date of posting (for a post).

Basic

Winton, T 2001, Dirt music, Picador, Sydney.

Greendale, N 2006, Road toll rising, The Age, 4 May, p. 13.

The year of publication follows the surname and initial.
Add month and day after the title for sources with specific publication dates. (Give only year in in-text citation.)

Same author, same year

Harris, DW 2001a, Hadrian’s wall …

Harris, DW 2001b, Julius Caesar …

Add a lower case letter (‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, etc.) to the year to reflect the order the entry appears in the reference list.
Use the year with the additional letter as normal in the text.

No year/date

Gardiner, IT n.d., Life in rural Australia …

Use ‘n.d.’, (stands for ‘no date’) if no year/date can be found on the source. This is uncommon in academic sources.

Title

What is the source called?

This is the full title in the words and spelling of the source.
If your source is part of a larger work (e.g., article from a journal; chapter from a book), you need to include the title of each.

Title and subtitle

Harris, M 1983, The mighty Yarra: rivers of Victoria. …

Part of work and whole work

Gerd, NB 2001, ‘Method in action’, Journal of Health, …

Give the title in italics in the wording and spelling shown on the source.
Separate title and subtitle by a colon.
Give initial capitals to the first word of the title and to any proper nouns.
If the source is part of a larger work, such as an article in a journal, place the title of the article in single quote marks, and no italics. Place the name of the journal, or larger work, in italics.
Translate the title if relevant, giving the English translation in brackets after the original title and without italics.

No title

Jensen, PR 1945, [Wartime navy reminiscences], Liberty Press, Brisbane.

If no title, give a brief descriptive title in your own words in square brackets. No italics. This is uncommon in academic texts.

Publisher information

Who made the source available in the form I used?

This identifies the publisher and their location.
You need to include this information for print books and physical or broadcast media. You don’t need it for journals, newspapers or online sources.
Where e-books are accessed by an e-book reader (e.g. Kindle, Nook, Sony Reader), include the edition and/or version, where relevant.
The information can usually be found with the copyright information.

Gourley, D 2002, Action man, Bellinger, Chicago.

Temple, P 2009, Truth, Text, Melbourne.

Gull Group 1992, Annual report, Gull Group, Sydney.

Hampden-Turner, C & Trompenaars, A 2000, Building cross-cultural competence: how to create wealth from conflicting values, e-book, Yale University Press, New Haven, http://ebscohost.com

Give publisher first, followed by the city of publication. Add further detail if required for clarification, e.g. Cambridge, Mass. or Cambridge, UK.
If there is more than one city named on the source, give the first-named city. If the publisher is also the author, restate the author or group name.
If the source is an e-book, state the digital format (including edition where relevant) after the title (e.g. e-book, Kindle 3G edition, Nook, PDF). Include publication details if supplied, as well as a DOI or URL.

DOI

Is there a Digital Object Identifier?

The DOI acts as a permanent link to an item. Not all material has a DOI, but you need to include one whenever it has been assigned.
If you provide a DOI, you don’t need to give the URL or the date viewed.
If a DOI has been assigned, you should find it with the copyright information, or with other details on database or catalogue lists.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/529076

doi: 10.1037/0004-066X.60.6.561

Use a DOI when one has been assigned, even for print material. No full stop at the end.
Give exactly as found on the source. If using a DOI in the original format (beginning with ‘10’) introduce it by ‘doi:’ and add a space before the ‘10’. New format DOIs (beginning with ‘http’) don’t need ‘doi’ added in front.

Date viewed and URL

What is the address of the source online, and when did I view it?

This is included for sources accessed online. It tells your reader the location of the source on the Internet and the date you accessed it. It is only included if the source has no DOI.
Provide the URL that leads most directly and reliably to the source. Give the homepage URL if the item can be searched for easily from there or if a login is required or if the URL is unstable. Otherwise give the full URL.
Do not include the date viewed unless the content you have used is likely to be edited or updated, or has no publication date.

…, viewed 5 May 2010, https://www.yourhealth.com.au

Introduce URL with ‘viewed’ and the date in the above format.
Remove hyperlinks so that there is no underlining or blue lettering (right click on the hyperlink, then click on ‘Remove hyperlink’.
Break URLs (if needed) before a punctuation mark or symbol. No full stop at end.
Include the date viewed if the content you have used is likely to be edited or updated, or has no publication date

How to create a reference list

How to set up the list

Begin the list on a new page at the end of your work.
Give the list the heading ‘References’ and make the heading left-aligned and bold.
Use a line break between each reference.
Australian Harvard is normally single-spaced, however use double line-spacing for your reference list if your lecturer has specified double-spacing in your assessment guidelines.
If a DOI or URL needs to be broken, break before a slash or a punctuation mark.

What to include

Give an entry for every recoverable source you have cited in the text.
Do not add entries for material you have not used, however relevant.
In entries that include website URLs, remove the hyperlinks so that there is no underlining or blue lettering (right click on the hyperlink, then click on ‘Remove hyperlink’).

How to arrange the entries

List entries alphabetically by author.
List entries with no author by title. (Ignore ‘A’ or ‘An’ or ‘The’ as first words.)
If you have more than one entry with the same author, list by year (earliest first).
If you have more than one entry with same author and year, list alphabetically by title, and add a lower case letter to each year; e.g., ‘a’ for first, ‘b’ for second, etc. (See Hillsdon entries below.)

Example of an Australian Harvard reference list

References

Anderson, TD 1985, Panel data: a primer, Paragon, New York.

Baxter, BH 2005, Models of economic analysis, Wiley, Sydney.

Breen, HP 1977, ‘An empirical test of the impact of managerial self-interest on corporate capital structure’, Journal of Finance, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 271-281.

Chen, JJ 2004, ‘Determinants of capital structure of Swedish companies’, Journal of Business Research, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 41-52.

Dorgan, D 1972, Future funds, Penguin, Melbourne.

Friedman, BM 1985, Corporate capital structure in the United States, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Hillsdon, M 2002, Statistical analysis primer, Lansdowne, Melbourne.

Hillsdon, M 2004a, Basic econometrics, 4th edn., Hill, Sydney.

Hillsdon, M 2004b, Computational methods. Landsdowne, Melbourne.

Johnson, A & Hanson, S 1995, ‘Determinants of capital structure: theory vs practice’, Scandinavian Journal of Management, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 91-102.

Keen, RP 2004, Strategy, structure and economic performance, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.

Lee, BL 1982, Credit risk and high yield bonds, Wiley, New York.

Linheiro, J & Bates, DM 2000, Mixed-effects models, Springer, New York.

Nguyen, BV 1994, Swedish economic reform, Griffin Press, Los Angeles.

Missing elements

This table offers broad guidance to assist in creating citations and references with MISSING elements.

The formatted examples reflect the referencing requirements for a ‘website post or page’.

Refer to FedCite or the reference style’s official publication for instruction and templates when referencing other specific material types such as books, journals, web documents etc.

Refer to the ‘Using Australian Harvard’ section in FedCite for instruction on formatting requirements for the References list.

Missing element	References	In-text citations
Nothing missing	*Author, A Year, Title, Source* Patterson, R 2021, Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning. College Info Geek, viewed 13 October 2021, https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	(Author Year) Or (Author Year, Page) (Patterson 2021)
No author	Substitute title for Author; then provide Year and Source. List alphabetically by first word in the title Title of document Year, Source Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning 2021, https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	Substitute title of document for Author, then Year. If a webpage, use the Authoring organisation name (Title of document Year) OR (Organisation Name Year) (Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning 2021) (College Info Geek 2021)
No date	Substitute n.d. for no date if no Year can be found on the Source. If the date can be reliably estimated use c. (short for circa) *Author, A n.d., Title of document, Source.* Patterson, R n.d., Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning. College Info Geek, viewed 13 October 2021, https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	Substitute n.d. for no date. (Author n.d.) (Patterson n.d.)
No title	Give a brief descriptive title in your own words in square brackets. No italics. Author, A Year, [Description of document], Source. Patterson, R 2021, [How to read a textbook]. College Info Geek, viewed 13 October 2021, https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	No effect on in-text citation
No author & date	Substitute title for Author and n.d. for no date; then give Source Title of document n.d., Source. Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning n.d., https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	Substitute title for Author and n.d. for no date *(Title of document n.d.)* (Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning n.d.) (College Info Geek n.d.)
No author & title	Substitute description of document inside square brackets for Author, then give Year and Source [Description of document] n.d., Source. [How to read a textbook] 2021, College Info Geek, viewed 13 October 2021, https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	Substitute description of document for Author, and then provide date. If a webpage, use the Authoring organisation name (Description of document Year) OR (Organisation Name Year) (How to read a textbook)
No date & title	Provide Author, substitute n.d. for no date, describe document inside square brackets, and then give Source. Author, A n.d., [Description of document], Source. Patterson, R n.d., [How to read a textbook]. College Info Geek, viewed 13 October 2021, https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	Provide Author and n.d. for no date. (Author n.d.) (Patterson n.d.)
No author, date & title	Substitute description of document inside square brackets for Author, substitute n.d. for no date, and then give Source [Description of document] n.d., Source. [How to read a textbook] n.d., College Info Geek. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/ Citing from a source with so few credentials may not be suitable in a piece of academic writing	Substitute description of document for Author, then n.d. for no date. (Description of document, n.d.) (How to read a textbook, n.d.)
No source	Cite as personal communication or find a substitute	No effect on in-text citation
No pagination	Skip for reference list if not present	For Sources with no page numbers, you may include another locator in your in-text citation, such as a paragraph number (para.) section heading chapter heading

American Psychological Association 2022, Missing reference information. APA Style, viewed March 2020, https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/missing-information

Snooks & Co, 2002. Style manual for authors, editors and printers 6th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld.

Basic

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The main characters in Tim Winton's new book met for the first time after Geogie's car broke down … (Winton 2001, p. 64).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the book.

Luther suddenly feels spooked after his first encounter with Georgie and asks himself: 'What is this lurching, plunging sensation, this panic …' (Winton 2001, p. 103).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, Title: Subtitle, # edn, vol. #, Publisher, City.

Example

Winton, T 2001, Dirt music, Picador, Sydney.

Different edition or multi volume

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

African villages are often … (Goh 1984, p. 132).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the book.

Lee Goh (1984, p. 5) describes the landscape of Africa as 'extremely variable due to …'.

Reference list

Template

Author Year, Title: Subtitle, # edn, vol. #, Publisher, City.

Example

Goh, L 1984, African voyages, 2nd edn, vol. 2, Greyguides, Montreal.

Notes on style

Edition information is only given for editions other than the first edition. If no edition statement is shown on the book, assume it’s the first (and no statement is needed).

Edited collection

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to Mills and Smith (2001, p. 13) taboo in literature is …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the book.

'All the papers in our collection deal with power of breaching taboo and speaking the unspeakable' (Mills & Smith 2001, p. 13).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, Title: Subtitle, # edn, vol. #, Publisher, City.

Example

Mills, A & Smith, J (eds) 2001, Utter silence: voicing the unspeakable, Peter Lang, New York.

Notes on style

Give editor/s in author position followed by ‘(ed.)’ or ‘(eds)’ – note: no full stop for plural abbreviations.

Chapter from edited collection

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Brown (2001, p. 84) states that infectious diseases are often not spoken about in some families …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the book.

'Recent research has suggested the infectious diseases are a taboo topic in many families across the world …' (Brown 2001, p. 83).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, Title: Subtitle, # edn, vol. #, Publisher, City.

Example

Brown, J 2001, ‘Silence, taboo and infectious disease’, in A Mills & J Smith (eds), Utter silence: Voicing the unspeakable, Peter Lang, New York, pp. 83-91.

Notes on style

Give editor/s in author position followed by ‘(ed.)’ or ‘(eds)’ – note: no full stop for plural abbreviations.

Online or e-book

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Hampden-Turner & Trompenaars (2000, p. 15) believe that building cross-cultural competence ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the book.

'Building cross-cultural competence is seen as an essential skill …' (Hampden-Turner & Trompenaars 2000, p 15).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, Title, digital format, publication details if supplied, DOI/URL

Examples

Library e-book

Hampden-Turner, C & Trompenaars, A 2000, Building cross-cultural competence: how to create wealth from conflicting values, e-book, Yale University Press, New Haven, http://www.ebscohost.com

Accessed on e-reader

Fitzgerald, F S 1925, The great Gatsby, Kindle Edition, available from http://www.amazon.com

E-book without DOI

Kirkwood, R & Goldsworthy, S 2013, Fur seals and sea lions, PDF, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, http://uball.csiro.patron.eb20.com/Collections/ViewBook/295eae4d-f807-481b-95cc-05fb9d9f5f48

Print

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Normoyle (2013, p. 30) states that nurses are ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

'I teamed up with an IT specialist friend and the myShift concept was born' (Normoyle 2013, p. 30).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, ‘Article title’, Journal Name, vol. X, no. X, pp. xx–xx. DOI or URL

Example

Normoyle, C 2013, ‘Nurses' wellbeing’, Australian Nursing Journal, vol. 20, no.10, pp. 30.

Notes on style

If source is an abstract, letter, or review, add ‘abstract’, ‘letter to the editor’ or ‘review of …’ (name work reviewed)’ after title.
Capitalise first letter of all major words in the journal name.
Give volume number (vol.) and issue number (no.) as an abbreviation, no italics.
Give page range of article if page numbers are shown (with ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’).
Give DOI for print as well as online articles if one has been assigned.

Online with DOI

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to Krueger and Gray (2013, p. 201) the influenza virus originated in pigs during ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

'Influenza-like illness in pigs was first recognised ...' (Krueger & Gray 2013, p. 201).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, ‘Article title’, Journal Name, vol. X, no. X, pp. xx–xx. DOI or URL

Example

Krueger, WS & Gray, GC 2013, ‘Swine influenza virus infections in man’, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol. 370, pp. 201-225, doi: 10.1007/82_2012_268

Notes on style

If source is an abstract, letter, or review, add ‘abstract’, ‘letter to the editor’ or ‘review of …’ (name work reviewed)’ after title.
Capitalise first letter of all major words in the journal name.
Give volume number (vol.) and issue number (no.) as an abbreviation, no italics.
Give page range of article if page numbers are shown (with ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’).
Give DOI for print as well as online articles if one has been assigned.
For online articles, give URL only if no DOI. Introduce URL with ‘viewed (date)’ if the article is accessible only via login or behind a paywall.

Online with URL

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Moran (2014, p. 68) discusses a new model for teaching rounds in Australia that could benefit ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

'A primary aim of teacher education institutions is to create quality courses that effectively prepare preservice teachers (PSTs) for their future career.' (Moran 2014, p. 68).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, ‘Article title’, Journal Name, vol. X, no. X, pp. xx–xx. DOI or URL

Example

Moran, W 2014, ‘Enhancing understanding of teaching and the profession through school innovation rounds’, Australian Journal of Teacher Education, vol. 39, no.3, pp. 68-85, available from http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/

Notes on style

If source is an abstract, letter, or review, add ‘abstract’, ‘letter to the editor’ or ‘review of …’ (name work reviewed)’ after title.
Capitalise first letter of all major words in the journal name.
Give volume number (vol.) and issue number (no.) as an abbreviation, no italics.
Give page range of article if page numbers are shown (with ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’).
Give DOI for print as well as online articles if one has been assigned.
For online articles, give URL only if no DOI. Introduce URL with ‘viewed (date)’ if the article is accessible only via login or behind a paywall.

Abstract (non preferred source)

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Patients with Chronic Obstructive Airways Disease (COAD) are at risk of ... (Gray & Bolitho 2003, p. 58).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

Gray and Bolitho (2003, p. 58) report on 'a new treatment for Chronic Obstructive Airways Disease (COAD) which is now available ...'.

Reference list

Template

Author Year, ‘Article title’, [Abstract], Journal Name, vol. X, no. X, pp. xx–xx. DOI or URL

Example

Gray, E & Bolitho, AJ 2003, ‘Patients with COAD’, [Abstract], Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, vol. 1, no. 55, p. 58, viewed 26 September 2015, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Notes on style

If source is an abstract, letter, or review, add ‘abstract’, ‘letter to the editor’ or ‘review of …’ (name work reviewed)’ after title.
Capitalise first letter of all major words in the journal name.
Give volume number (vol.) and issue number (no.) as an abbreviation, no italics.
Give page range of article if page numbers are shown (with ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’).
Give DOI for print as well as online articles if one has been assigned.
For online articles, give URL only if no DOI. Introduce URL with ‘viewed (date)’ if the article is accessible only via login or behind a paywall.

Basic

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The assassination of President Kennedy has rocked … (Hunt 1963, p. 1).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper.

'The world mourns the loss of President Kennedy who was shot …' (Hunt 1963, p. 1).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, ‘Article title’, Newspaper/Magazine Name, #, Date, pp. DOI or URL

Example

Hunt, J 1963, ‘Assassin kills Kennedy’, The Chicago Tribune, 22 November, pp. 1, 4–6.

Notes on style

Start with title if no author shown.
Year/date: Give year after the author. The date, as shown on source (i.e., month and/or day), appears after the name of the newspaper/magazine.
Title: Give title of article in single quote marks (no italics). Capitalise first letter of first word and any proper nouns. Add description for reviews, letters, etc., or give alone if no title.
Newspaper/magazine name (in italics). Capitalise first letter of all major words. If separate section, add name of section (no italics) after title (see: Separate section).
Page numbers. Use ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’ in front. If non-consecutive, separate by commas (see: Basic article).

Separate section

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Rousseau (2008, p. 4) can recommend many restaurants and cafes in Melbourne that serve wonderful African dishes full of exotic spices ..

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper.

There are 'a bunch of African bakeries and groceries have sprung up in Footscray' that offer ... (Rousseau 2008, p. 4).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, ‘Article title’, Newspaper/Magazine Name, #, Date, pp. DOI or URL

Example

Rousseau, N 2008, ‘Arrival of the spice setters’, The Age, Epicure section, 3 June, p. 4.

Notes on style

Start with title if no author shown.
Year/date: Give year after the author. The date, as shown on source (i.e., month and/or day), appears after the name of the newspaper/magazine.
Title: Give title of article in single quote marks (no italics). Capitalise first letter of first word and any proper nouns. Add description for reviews, letters, etc., or give alone if no title.
Newspaper/magazine name (in italics). Capitalise first letter of all major words. If separate section, add name of section (no italics) after title (see: Separate section).
Page numbers. Use ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’ in front. If non-consecutive, separate by commas (see: Basic article).
If article is digital replica of print edition, give publication date of print edition and include page numbers (see: Online replica of print edition). If article is posted on media outlet’s website, give date of post (see: Online edition).

Online replica of print edition

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Craig (1968, p. 2) reports on the memorial service held for Prime Minister Harold Holt who was remembered as ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper.

'When Mrs Holt, a small, most dignified figure in black - her face, under the mourning veil showing signs of the terrible strain ...' (Craig 1968, p. 2).

Reference list

Template

Author (Year, Month, Day), ‘Article title’, Newspaper/Magazine Name, #, Date, pp. DOI or URL

Example

Craig, B (1968, January 10), ‘Australia and the world shares Mrs Holt’s sorrow’, The Australian Women’s Weekly, 10 January, pp. 2–3, viewed 22 March 2015, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/

Notes on style

Start with title if no author shown.
Year/date: Give year after the author. The date, as shown on source (i.e., month and/or day), appears after the name of the newspaper/magazine.
Title: Give title of article in single quote marks (no italics). Capitalise first letter of first word and any proper nouns. Add description for reviews, letters, etc., or give alone if no title.
Newspaper/magazine name (in italics). Capitalise first letter of all major words. If separate section, add name of section (no italics) after title (see: Separate section).
Page numbers. Use ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’ in front. If non-consecutive, separate by commas (see: Basic article).
If article is digital replica of print edition, give publication date of print edition and include page numbers (see: Online replica of print edition). If article is posted on media outlet’s website, give date of post (see: Online edition).

Online edition

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to Rosen (2014) the elderly find it difficult to get a seat at Starbucks because ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper.

'Invariably there are no seats because they are occupied by young people with their laptops and cellphones using the cafe as their private office' (Rosen 2014).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, ‘Article title’, Newspaper/Magazine Name, #, Date, pp. DOI or URL

Example

Rosen, L 2014, ‘Occupy Starbucks’, letter to the editor, The New York Times, 22 January, viewed 14 May 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/23/opinion/occupy-starbucks.html

Notes on style

Start with title if no author shown.
Year/date: Give year after the author. The date, as shown on source (i.e., month and/or day), appears after the name of the newspaper/magazine.
Title: Give title of article in single quote marks (no italics). Capitalise first letter of first word and any proper nouns. Add description for reviews, letters, etc., or give alone if no title.
Newspaper/magazine name (in italics). Capitalise first letter of all major words. If separate section, add name of section (no italics) after title (see: Separate section).
Page numbers. Use ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’ in front. If non-consecutive, separate by commas (see: Basic article).
If article is digital replica of print edition, give publication date of print edition and include page numbers (see: Online replica of print edition). If article is posted on media outlet’s website, give date of post (see: Online edition).

Civil law cases

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

In a case that involves a long-running dispute over ... (Todd v Nicol [1957] SASR 72, para. 5).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the title of the case, year, page number, section heading (if applicable) and paragraph number.

Hungry Jacks argued that Burger King 'must act reasonably in exercising its powers under the Development Agreement; and that there was an implied obligation ...' (Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187, para 141).

Reference list

Template

Plaintiff v Defendant (Year). Volume. Law report. Page number.

Plaintiff v Defendant [Year]. Series (if present). Law report. Page number.

Examples

Oceanic Sun Line Special Shipping Co Inc v Fay (1988) 165 CLR 197

Esso Petroleum Ltd v Commissioners of Customs and Excise [1976] 1 AII ER 117

Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187

Todd v Nicol [1957] SASR 72

Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562

Notes on style

** Check with your teacher or lecturer to confirm their particular requirements.

Formatting of civil law cases appears the same in the reference list as in your text.
Start with the name of the plaintiff, followed by v (stands for ‘and’ or ‘against’), then the name of the defendant, all in italics.
The year is next in brackets. If the law report series is ordered according to year (such as in the UK Appeal Cases), the year the case was reported, is in square brackets. If the series is based on volume number (such as in the Commonwealth Law Reports), the year the case was decided is in round brackets.
After the year may be a volume number (as in Ex 30/1 above). Volume numbers may be used in two situations: (1) if the series is based on years but has more than one volume for a given year, or (2) where the whole series appears in sequentially numbered volumes. Otherwise, where the series is based on year of reporting, it could simply be the abbreviation for the law report as in Ex 30/3, 30/4 and 30/5 above. Include the page number in the law report where the case begins.

Statutes

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s. 124(1) outlines the powers that a company has in regards to ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the title of the Act, year, jurisdiction and section number(s) (if applicable).

Section 1 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) outlines the purpose of this Act: 'The object of this Act is to enhance the welfare of Australians through the promotion of competition and fair trading and provision for consumer protection' (2).

Reference list

Template

Act title and year (Jurisdiction) s. xx

Examples

Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s. 124(1)

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth)

Notes on style

Formatting of statutes appears the same in the reference list as in your text.
Start with the name of the statute in Italics, followed by the year the statute was passed. Then in brackets, state the abbreviation for the parliament which passed the Act, and finally the section number and subsection number if referring to a particular section of the statute.

Audio book or recording

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Trekking on the Kokoda track can be … (FitzSimons 2011).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

FitzSimons (2011) believes that 'the history of the Kokoda track can be traced back to …' (min. 4.50).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, Title, Reader, Format, Label, City OR DOI/URL

Examples

CD

FitzSimons, P 2011, Kokoda, L FitzGerald, reader, CD, ABC Audio, Sydney.

Online

Dickens, C 2013, Oliver Twist, P Batchelor, reader, audio file, available from http://www.audible.com

Notes on style

Treat author, year and title as for basic book.
Add reader’s name, and recording format.
If physical media (e.g., CD), give name and place of record label.
If accessed online, give retrieval details (‘viewed [date], URL); use ‘available from’ if purchase is required.

Audio podcast

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The supermarket war has led to many casualties … (Cohen 2013).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

Cohen (2013, sec. 0.20) stated that due to the recent 'supermarket war many small farmers are suffering … '.

Reference list

Template

Primary Contributor (role) Year, ‘Episode title’, Program title, form, viewed date, DOI/URL

Example

Cohen, H (presenter) 2013, ‘Casualties in the supermarket war’, Background Briefing, audio podcast, viewed 29 December, available from https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/backgroundbriefing/

Notes on style

Give the date viewed and URL of the item (or the home page if the item is searchable from there).
Use ‘available from’ if accessible only via purchase or subscription, login, or search.

Music recording

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Guy Sebastian's (2012) song touches on a father's love for his child and ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

'Won't let the big bad world get you no way' (Sebastian 2012, sec. 0:59).

Reference list

Template

Songwriter or Performer Year, ‘Title of song’ recorded by Artist Name, on Title of album, form, Label, City OR DOI/URL (Recording year if different from copyright year)

Examples

Single track (LP)

Duke, V 1934, ‘Autumn in New York’, recorded by F. Sinatra, on Come fly with me, vinyl recording, Capitol, Los Angeles. (1958)

Single track (online)

Sebastian, G 2012, ‘Big bad world’, on Armageddon, MP3, available from http://store.apple.com/au

Album (CD)

Perry, K 2013, Prism, CD, Capitol, Los Angeles.

Performance

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Seinfeld and Callner (1998) have been involved in recent Broadway play …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

'I'm telling you for the last time don't ...' (Seinfeld & Callner 1998, min. 20:15).

Reference list

Template

Performer (role) Year Title, by Author, format, date, label/company, City, viewed date OR DOI/URL

Examples

Performance (CD)

Seinfeld, J (performer) & Callner, M (director) 1998, I’m telling you for the last time: Live on Broadway, CD, performance recorded August 9, 1998, Universal, Los Angeles.

Live performances

These are not recoverable so they are not included in the reference list but can be referred to in the text. Add any identifying details not already in the surrounding sentence in round brackets (e.g., ‘In her Adelaide performance (Festival Theatre, May 6, 2008), Anne Ford …’

Notes on style

Recordings of live performances: These are recoverable so can be included in the reference list. Format entry according to the category of material. Add original recording date if different or more specific than publication date.
Performer role in this context could be director, choreographer, performer, etc.
Format in this context could be theatre performance, dance performance, concert performance, etc.

Speech

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Martin Luther King's often quoted catch phrase 'I have a dream' … (King 1963, August 28).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

'Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner) is a speech made by John F. Kennedy in 1963 where he declared …' (Kennedy 1963, June 26).

Reference list

Template

Performer (role) Year Title, by Author, format, date, label/company, City, viewed date OR DOI/URL

Examples

Speech recording (vinyl)

Churchill, W (speech) 1964, ‘In a solemn hour’, on Winston Churchill: A selection from his famous wartime speeches, vinyl recording, recorded 19 May, 1940, Decca, London.

Speech recording (online video)

Kennedy, J. F (speech) 1963, Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner), video file, 26 June, viewed 12 April 2015, http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkberliner.html

Speech recording (online audio)

King, M. L. Jr (speech) 1963, I have a dream, audio file, 28 August, viewed 25 March 2014, http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/

Television/radio news or current affairs broadcast

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

WIN News (2013) reported that recent council elections ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

Councillor Julie Smith stated that: 'I am pleased to represent Alfredton residents. Over the next twelve months I aim to ...' (WIN News 2013, min. 13.15).

Reference list

Template

Title Year, description, Broadcast Station, City, broadcast date OR viewed date, URL (if from an online source).

Examples

Television broadcast

WIN news 2013, television broadcast, WIN Television, Ballarat, viewed 12 November.

Radio broadcast

Sunday profile 2009, radio broadcast, ABC Local Radio, Melbourne, viewed 18 August.

Television series episode

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Sherman-Palladino and Mancuso (2002) wrote an episode of the Gilmore girls that dealt with anxiety issues…

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

'Loralai, how is your anxiety today?' (Sherman-Palladino & Mancuso 2002, min. 9.25).

Reference list

Template

Primary Contributor (role) Year, ‘Episode number OR title’, Title of series, Form, Production/Distribution Company, broadcast date OR DOI/URL.

Examples

Television broadcast

Sherman-Palladino, A (writer) & Mancuso, G (director) 2002, ‘Application anxiety’, Gilmore girls, television series episode, Nine Network, 12 June 2012.

Online video

Horowitz, A (writer) & Orme, S. (director) 2014, ‘The eternity ring’, Foyle’s war, television series video file, ABC TV, viewed 9 February 2013, http://www.abc.net.au/iview/#/view/79688397

DVD (single episode)

Gilligan, V (writer) & MacLaren, M (director) 2012, ‘Madrigal’, Breaking bad, television series episode, DVD, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, California.

DVD (whole series)

Gilligan, V (producer) 2008-2013, Breaking bad, television series, DVD, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, California.

Notes on style

Give name/s of episode’s principal contributors (e.g., director and/or writer) and their roles in brackets, as the author. Give the name of the producer when referencing an entire series.
The episode title appears in single quote marks, no italics. Examples above show various roles to illustrate options. Give the series title (in italics) and form.
Broadcast: Give station and broadcast date.
Online: Give URL of site where you viewed item.
DVD: Give studio and year of production (or year range for whole series).

Video or film (studio production)

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Marty McFly walked towards the car when suddenly … (Zemeckis, Gale & Spielberg 1985).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

'Wait a minute, Doc. Are you telling me that you built a time machine… out of a DeLorean?' (Zemeckis, Gale & Spielberg 1985, min. 10.06).

Reference list

Template

Title Year, form, Distributor/Studio, Country, credits and other information.

Examples

Film

Back to the future 1985, motion picture, Universal Pictures, United States, R Zemeckis (writer/director), R Gale (writer) & S Spielberg.

DVD/Blu-ray release

Man of steel 2013, Blu-ray, Warner Bros., United States, Z Snyder (director) & DS Goyer (writer).

DVD/Blu-ray reissue

Vertigo 2003, DVD, Universal Home Entertainment; Paramount, 1958, United States, A Hitchcock (producer/director).

Online

Argo 2012, video file, B Affleck (director), C Terrio (writer) & G Clooney (producer), available from http://store.apple.com/au

Notes on style

Give title in italics. Add form of version accessed (no italics). If re-issued, add studio and year of original release.
Give place and name of studio or, if accessed online, give URL of site where accessed.
Use ‘Available from’ instead of ‘viewed’ if accessible only via subscription or paywall.
Give primary contributors (e.g., director, writer, producer, and/or starring actors) and their roles if the information is useful. Examples above show various roles to illustrate options.

Video game

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Fallout: New Vegas (2010) is a great new video game that features ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

Ulysses cried out: 'Who are you, that you do not know your history?' (Fallout: New Vegas 2010, min. 13.05).

Reference list

Template

Title Year, form, video game, Publisher, Place.

Example

Fallout: New Vegas 2010, CD-ROM, video game, Rockville, Maryland, Bethesda Softworks.

Notes on style

Give title in italics, then year of production (no italics).
Give form and description. Give name and place of producer, or URL if accessed online.

Video post

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

A video on BuzzFeedVideo (2016) shows some hilarious video people are trying to walk their cats on a lead.

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

'I have tried so many times to walk mt cat on a lead but ...' (BuzzFeedVideo 2016, min. 3.05).

Reference list

Template

Poster (screen name) year, Title, form, date of posting, site authority, viewed date, URL

Examples

BuzzFeedVideo 2016, People try to walk their cats, video file, 12 April, YouTube, viewed 28 June 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9C1leq--_wM

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2014, Robonaut supports telemedicine advances, video file, viewed 17 January, YouTube, viewed 30 February 2015, http://youtube/9gbfL590Fgg

** Also, see examples in: Lecture or class material - Online lecture or Speech - Speech recording (online video)

Notes on style

Give name of poster (real name plus screen name, or just screen name if real name is unknown).
Give year of posting. Give title in italics, followed by form (no italics), and date of posting (if available), followed by the overall site owner or authority.
Give URL of individual post (archived URL if available—click date stamp to access).

Website document (PDF)

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

In Federation University Australia's (2016, p. 3) annual report for 2015 the Vice Chancellor summarises ...

Direct quote

Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format.
Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) of the direct quote if taken from a PDF document.
If the document does NOT contain page numbers, then use the name of the section and the paragraph number as part of the in-text reference.

'Over the past 12 months there have been many highlights including ...' (Federation University Australia 2016, p. 3).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, Title, date viewed, DOI or URL

Examples

Federation University Australia 2016, Annual report 2015, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, viewed 30 February 2016, https://federation.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/297610/FedUni_AnnualReport_2015.pdf

Phillips, A, Bohning, G, Allan, C & Edwards, G 2006, Agnote: the European rabbit - pastoral pest, leaflet, Northern Territory Government, viewed 30 February 2015, http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Anim_Man/437.pdf

Notes on style

Give the author and year shown on the document (which may be different from the site hosting it).
Give the title in italics. Give the form if useful.
Give the source sponsor or provider, and location, if supplied.
Give the date viewed and the full URL (without a full stop at the end).

Website post or page (general treatment)

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Wilcken (2011) claims that jogging can trigger osteoarthritis due to the ...

Direct quote

Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format.
Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' '.
If the document does NOT contain page numbers, then use the name of the section and the paragraph number as part of the in-text reference.

'The link between jogging and osteoarthritis in older people has been investigated recently with ...' (Wilcken 2011).

Reference list

Template

Author Year/Date, Title, (form, if needed) Date viewed, URL

Examples

Department of Health and Ageing 2009, Aged care, Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra, viewed 27 December 2009, http://www.yourhealth.gov.au/

Wilcken, H 2011, Does jogging up the risk of knee osteoarthritis?, 27 June, Medical Observer, viewed 31 June 2016, http://www.medicalobserver.com.au/medical-news/does-jogging-up-the-risk-of-knee-osteoarthritis

Notes on style

Give the name of the person or group who created the content on the post or page.
Give the year posted or updated.
Give the title of post/page in italics. If material is non-routine, add description of form.
Give the specific date of the post or page (as displayed on the individual post or page).
Give the source sponsor or provider, and location, if supplied. Give URL of post/page (archived URL if available; click date stamp to access) or of home page, whichever is more direct/reliable. Give date viewed even if post/page has a specific date.

Website

In-text citations

In-text citation required only:

The video-sharing website YouTube (http://www.youtube.com) is …

Reference list

No reference entry required:

When making a general reference to a website as a whole (i.e., not to a specific document, page or post on the site), give the URL in round brackets after the mention; no reference entry is needed.

Map, chart, illustration, figure, image

In-text citations

Details of Victorian towns are clearly marked on the attached map (McCarron, Bird and co. 1916, Figure 1).

Figure layout

Fig. 1. Victoria (McCarron, Bird and co. 1916).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, Title, Form, DOI OR publisher, place OR viewed date, URL

Examples

Online

Victorian Electoral Commission 2012, City of Casey: Local council boundaries, map, viewed 22 July 2015, https://www.vec.vic.gov.au/images/profile/CaseySummary.gif

Print

Timms, PE 2006, Colonial settlement in Tasmania, Tiger Press, Hobart.

Notes on style

Online: Give author/poster and the year of publication. Give title of the item (in italics). Add form (e.g., ‘map’, ‘photograph’) without brackets. If no title or caption, give a short description (no italics).
Give either DOI or publishing details. If no DOI and online, give viewed date and URL.
Print: Give an in-text citation and reference entry for the print source containing the item, not the item itself. Add the identifying number to in-text citation: ‘… (Timms, 2006, Figure 2)’.
If using the abbreviated name of a government body in your text, e.g. the VEC for the Victorian Electoral Commission, follow the same reference list guidelines as for a group author (see the in-text citation section).

Visual artwork

In-text citations

Brack's (1955) painting 'The Fish Shop' is painted with oils ...

Figure layout

Fig. 1. The thundershower (Sayen 1916).

Reference list

Template

Artist Year, Title of artwork, medium, Gallery, City, date viewed. OR DOI/URL

Examples

Original artwork (viewed in person)

Brack, J 1955, The fish shop, oil on composition board, Museum of Modern Art Melbourne, Australia.

Online reproduction

Brack, J 1955, The fish shop, digital image of painting, National Gallery of Victoria, viewed 26 March 2015, http://www.ngv/collections/johnbrack

Print reproduction

Bryant, H (ed.) 1993, Australian artists, Larwitt, Melbourne, Australia.

Notes on style

Original: Give name of artist, year artwork was created, title of artwork (italics), medium, (no italics), and the location and name of the museum or gallery.
Online reproduction: Give artist, year, title, medium, and DOI/URL.
Print reproduction: Give a reference entry for the print source (e.g., book) containing reproduction, not the artwork itself. Name the artist and artwork in the text and add the page or plate number to the in-text citation for the print source; e.g., ‘(Bryant 1993, p. 46)’.

Personal photographs

You do not need to include personal photographs in the reference list as they are not retrievable by anybody else.

Personal photograph taken by yourself

In-text citation

While touring the Netherlands recently I visited the De Adriaan Windmill (Figure 1) which ...

Figure layout

Fig. 1 De Adriaan Windmill, Haarlem, Netherlands, 26 July 2019 (pers. photo.).

Notes on style

Do refer the reader to the photograph.
Provide a citation under the photograph.
Personal photographs are not recoverable, so they are not included in the reference list.

Personal photograph taken by someone else

In-text citation

The Netherlands is a country full of canals, for example, in Amsterdam (Figure 2) there seems to be one on every corner.

Figure layout

Fig. 2 One of the many canals in Amsterdam, Netherlands, 28 July 2019 (copyright permission of P Johnson, pers. photo.).

Notes on style

Do refer the reader to the photograph.
Provide a caption under the photograph, and identify the photographer after seeking approval to use the photograph.
Personal photographs are not recoverable, so they are not included in the reference list.

Citing sources within a table

Remember that each source you cite in the table will need to be in the reference list as well. The authors appear in the standard format.

The table needs:

A label,
a title in italics,
headings for the rows and/or columns,
to be easy to read and understand

A column or row of standard author-date citations

Table 1

Summary of studies included in literature review

Study	Participants	Mean participant age
Atkinson et al. (2020)	1793	70.3 years
Farina and Angwin (2016)	71	81.5 years
Raji, Smith and Chan (2005)	2381	72.1 years

The order of the citations in the column or row is alphabetical.

Cite each piece of data using brackets

Table 2

Considerations of medication rights relating to the case study

Medication right

Salbutamol: Schedule 3- Pharmacist Only Medicine (MIMS Australia 2021a)

Panadol: Schedule 1 and 2- Unscheduled or Pharmacy medicine (MIMS Australia 2021b)

Right Patient

Ensure you are providing medication to the correct person (DeLaune 2019).

Check the patient’s identification, using two identifiers (DeLaune 2019).

Right Medication

Administrating the correct medication, checking the medication is correct three times (DeLaune 2019).

Mr Sloan’s prescription of Salbutamol is a metered dose inhalation, which can be administrated through a nebuliser and is used in patients diagnosed with COPD or asthma (MIMS Australia 2021a).

Mr Sloan’s prescription of Panadol is used for reducing his pain and discomfort because of his rheumatoid arthritis (MIMS Australia 2021b).

Right Route

Ensuring the route of medication is specified in the order is being followed (DeLaune 2019).

In the case of Mr Sloan, the route of Salbutamol medication delivery is through a nebuliser. A nebuliser is described as an inhaler, which is used to deliver a fine mist which contains medication droplets (DeLaune 2019). Bonini and Usmani (2015) outline that inhalation therapy is the most effective treatment for COPD.

MIMS Australia (2021b) indicates an effective method for administrating Panadol is orally with water.

An explanatory note below the table

Table 3

Comparison of medications

Generic name	Atenolol	Furosemide oral
Drug group	Beta adrenergic blocking agents	Loop diuretic
Side effects	Progression of heart failure, dyspnea, hypotension	Electrolyte imbalances, hypotension due to excessive diuresis.
Nursing considerations	Advise the patient to monitor blood pressure and heart rate regularly. Advise the patient to monitor for early signs of heart failure like dyspnea, oedema and consult the prescriber immediately if any.	Advise the patient to take the medication regularly early during the daytime and avoid scheduling it to later in the evening to manage symptoms associated with increased urination. Advise the patient to monitor blood pressure, heart rate, body weight and oedema in the extremities daily.

Note. Atenolol is from MIMS Australia 2021a; Furosemide oral is from MIMS Australia 2021b.

Forum comment

This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable (i.e., open access). (Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Example in Personal communication.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

GeekBoy (2008) reports that …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the paragraph number.

'Unfair criticism of Twitter's search function has been reported over the past few days …' (GeekBoy 2008, para. 1).

Reference list

Template

Author [screen name], Year, ‘Title’ form, viewed date, URL

Example

GeekBoy 2008, ‘Re: Who’s messing with Twitter search?’, online forum comment, 9 October, viewed 24 September 2011, http://www.techcrunch.com/2008/10/09

Notes on style

Give real name of poster. Add screen name (if one) in square brackets, or alone if real unknown.
Give year after name. Add date of post after the title and form.
Give post/comment/tweet as title (with single quote marks, no italics). Add form (e.g., tweet; facebook post; photograph, etc.) after title. (Use ‘twitter page’ or ‘facebook page’ if using someone’s entire feed/timeline as a source.)
Give full URL of item. If item is archived, give archived version URL (click post’s date stamp). Retrieval date: Not needed for items with a specific associated date (e.g., individual tweets, posts, etc.), but is needed for whole feeds/pages because content will change.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

West (2013) pays tribute to Mandela's life work …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the paragraph number.

'Mandela's humanitarian work should be remembered for all of eternity because ...' (West 2013, para. 2).

Reference list

Template

Author [screen name] Year, ‘Title’, form, viewed date, URL

Example

West, K [kanyewest] 2013, ‘Thank you, Mandela, for your life's work and may it serve as a guiding light to illuminate our future’, tweet, 9 December, viewed 19 February 2014, https://twitter.com/kanyewest/status/410097143261589504

Notes on style

Give real name of poster. Add screen name (if one) in square brackets, or alone if real unknown.
Give year after name. Add date of post after the title and form.
Give post/comment/tweet as title (with single quote marks, no italics).
Add form (e.g., tweet; facebook post; photograph, etc.) after title. (Use ‘twitter page’ or ‘facebook page’ if using someone’s entire feed/timeline as a source.)
Give full URL of item. If item is archived, give archived version URL (click post’s date stamp). Retrieval date: Not needed for items with a specific associated date (e.g., individual tweets, posts, etc.), but is needed for whole feeds/pages because content will change.

Facebook post

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Coles Supermarket (2014) are pleased to announce ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the paragraph number.

Coles Supermarket CEO announced at a recent promotional event that 'our Coles Brand fresh chicken is 100% RSPCA Approved which means …' (Coles Supermarkets 2014, para. 1).

Reference list

Template

Author [screen name] Year, ‘Title’ form, viewed date, URL

Example

Coles Supermarkets 2014, ‘Good news: in another national supermarket first, we’re pleased to announce 100% of our Coles Brand fresh chicken is now RSPCA Approved’, Facebook post, 2 January, viewed 23 February 2014, https://www.facebook.com/coles/posts/639616386102380?stream_ref=10

Notes on style

Give real name of poster. Add screen name (if one) in square brackets, or alone if real unknown.
Give year after name. Add date of post after the title and form.
Give post/comment/tweet as title (with single quote marks, no italics).
Add form (e.g., tweet; facebook post; photograph, etc.) after title. (Use ‘twitter page’ or ‘facebook page’ if using someone’s entire feed/timeline as a source.)
Give full URL of item. If item is archived, give archived version URL (click post’s date stamp). Retrieval date: Not needed for items with a specific associated date (e.g., individual tweets, posts, etc.), but is needed for whole feeds/pages because content will change.

Blog post

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Daly (2014) asserts that a Pennsylvanian student buys WMD ingredients …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the paragraph number.

'A Pennsylvanian student has been buying ingredients on Amazon for a WMD … ' (Daly 2014, para. 5).

Reference list

Template

Author [screen name] Year, ‘Title’ form, viewed date, URL

Example

Daly, M 2014, ‘Pennsylvania student proves you could buy ingredients for a WMD on Amazon’, blog post, 29 January, viewed 13 March 2014, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/01/28/

Notes on style

Give real name of poster. Add screen name (if one) in square brackets, or alone if real unknown.
Give year after name. Add date of post after the title and form.
Give post/comment/tweet as title (with single quote marks, no italics).
Add form (e.g., tweet; facebook post; photograph, etc.) after title. (Use ‘twitter page’ or ‘facebook page’ if using someone’s entire feed/timeline as a source.)
Give full URL of item. If item is archived, give archived version URL (click post’s date stamp). Retrieval date: Not needed for items with a specific associated date (e.g., individual tweets, posts, etc.), but is needed for whole feeds/pages because content will change.

Brochure, pamphlet or catalogue

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Taylor's (2013, p. 1) exhibition catalogue presents Australian impressionists who have recently exhibited in France …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s).

'Well known Australian impressionists have recently exhibited in Paris to great acclaim ...' (Taylor 2013, p. 1).

Reference list

Template

Author, Year, Title, brochure type, DOI OR Publisher, City OR viewed date, URL

Examples

Exhibition catalogue (print)

Taylor, E 2013, Australian impressionists in France, exhibition catalogue, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne.

Brochure (online)

Parks Victoria 2004, Fire ecology in the Grampians, brochure, viewed 9 May 2015, http://www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/GrampiansNationalParkFireEcology.pdf

Conference paper presented (unpublished)

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Wenzel (1998, June, p. 8) claims that Fellini's films were ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s).

'Fellini's films always drew much attention from …' (Wenzel 1998, June, p. 7).

Reference list

Template

Presenter Year, Title, paper presented at Meeting Name, place, date(s) and month of conference.

Example

Wenzel, BQ 1998, Films of Fellini, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Cinema Studies, Ballarat, 7-8 December.

Notes on style

Give name of presenter, year of conference, title of paper (italics), followed by name of conference or meeting, the location and date/s.

Conference paper published in proceedings

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Carbone, A, Mitchell, I, Gunstone, D & Hurst, J (2002, p. 26) claim that self-management metacognitive behaviour can be …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s).

'The design of programming tasks has been linked to the self-management of metacognitive behaviour …' (Carbone, A, Mitchell I, Gunstone, D, & Hurst, J 2002, p. 26).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, ‘Title of paper’, Title of proceedings of Conference Name, Date of conference (if available), City, Publisher, pp. xx–xx OR DOI/URL

Examples

Paper in published proceedings (online)

Carbone, A, Mitchell, I, Gunstone, D & Hurst, J 2002, ‘Designing programming tasks to elicit self-management metacognitive behaviour’, Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers in Education, pp. 533-534, doi: 10.1109/CIE.2002.1185998

Paper in published proceedings (print)

Murphy, C 2004, ‘Job design and leadership’, Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the International Employment Relations Association, CQU, Rockhampton, pp. 1-13.

Notes on style

Give author/s of paper, year of publication of proceedings, title of paper (no italics) and title of proceedings (italics).
Use initial capitals for conference name in title.
Add the date of the conference, publication information and page range OR page range and DOI. Give viewed date, URL if no DOI and accessed online.
If using the whole proceedings as a source, treat like a book (edited collection).

Encyclopedia entry

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Black holes are still being discovered … (Reed 2003, p. 502).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s).

'Recent discoveries of black holes …' (Reed 2003, p. 502).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, ‘Title of entry’, Editor (ed.), Title of reference work, Publisher, City. OR DOI/URL.

Examples

Print

Reed, DL 2003, ‘Black holes’, Science Encyclopedia, 5th edn, Academic Resources, New York.

E-book

McColl, G 2014, ‘Abba’, L Stacy & L Henderson (eds), Encyclopedia of music in the 20th century, Kindle version, available from http://www.amazon.com/

Online

‘Watergate scandal’, 2009, Encyclopaedia Britannica online, viewed 7 March 2015, http://www.britannica.com/

Notes on style

** Check with your teacher or lecturer before using Wikipedia as a reference source.

Give any edition and volume numbers after title. Page numbers are not needed if entries are arranged in a single alphabetical sequence.
Give publication information or DOI or URL if online. Provide URL of item (use the permanent link).
Include date viewed if content is not fixed (i.e., likely to be edited or updated).

Government documents

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to the Department of Health (2014, p. 6) breastfed babies are thought to ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s).

'Australian babies that are breastfed appear to …' (Department of Health 2014, p. 6).

Reference list

Template

Dependent on source

Examples

PDF document

Department of Defence 2016, 2016 Defence white paper, Department of Defence, Canberra, viewed 28 June 2016, http://www.defence.gov.au/whitepaper/Docs/2016-Defence-White-Paper.pdf

Printed fact sheet

Department of Education & Training 2015, Resources for inclusion, fact sheet, The State of Victoria, Melbourne.

Web page

Department of Health 2014, Breastfeeding, May 27, Department of Health, Canberra, http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-brfeed-index.htm

Print document

Department of Primary Industries 2014, Windmills in the outback, report prepared by A Smith & B Jones, DPI, Sydney.

Notes on style

** Check with your teacher or lecturer before using a fact sheet as a reference source. These are usually not acceptable as academic sources unless as objects of research.

If using the abbreviated name of a government body in your text, e.g. the ADF for the Australian Defence Force, follow the same reference list guidelines as for a group author (see the in-text citation section).

Interview

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Neil Armstrong fondly remembers … (Armstrong 2001, September 19, p. 5).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s).

'When we finally landed on the moon …' (Armstrong 2001, September 19, p. 5).

Reference list

Template

Interviewee Date, Title (Interviewer Name, Interviewer), transcript, Publisher. OR DOI/URL

Example

Armstrong, NA 2001, September 19, An interview with Neil Armstrong (SE Ambrose, Interviewer), transcript, Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, viewed 16 July 2014, http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/62281main_armstrong_oralhistory.pdf

Notes on style

Stand-alone interviews can be used as references if recoverable by your reader (e.g., transcripts or recordings). Treat interviews that are not recoverable as personal communications (see example in Other sources - Personal communication).
Name the interviewee at the beginning of the entry and the interviewer in round brackets after the title. If no title, give description in square brackets. Give form where needed, and the date of the interview if provided.
Format the rest of the entry according to the category of material accessed (e.g., video/audio file).

Lecture or class material

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to Hull and Drennon (2011, February 17) Plants lose 95% of their moisture through the stomata spore ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' '.

A stomata is "a microscopic spore in the epidermis of a plants" (Hull & Drennon 2011, February 17).

Reference list

Template

Author Year/Date, Title, format, other identifying detail OR DOI/URL

Examples

Online document or file

Hull, B & Drennon, D 2011, February 17, Stomata density, PowerPoint slides, online course materials, February 17, 2011, SlideShare, available from https://www.slideshare.net/BreanaHull/stomata-density-denzelbreana-6963546

Online lecture

Lucas, J 2012, September 4, Drought tolerant plants: Introductory lecture, video file, online course materials, viewed 30 February 2016, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-v6GNvGWIL5

Print handout

Huang, L 2012, March 5, The cost of retribution, lecture handout, Ethics 123, Central University, Townsville.

Notes on style

** Check with your teacher or lecturer before including lecture/class material in the reference list.

Live classes, lectures and presentations: These are not recoverable so are not included in the reference list. Treat as personal communications: (e.g., ‘… in a lecture on chaos theory (M. Green, personal communication, May 1, 2009) …’.
Online lectures and presentations: These are recoverable so they can be included in the reference list if permitted by your teacher or lecturer. Treat according to publication type (e.g., video post, podcast, stand-alone document, etc.).
Print class materials and handouts: These are not recoverable if they are available only to participating students. If permitted for use as a source, treat as above.

Media release

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Recent industrial action … (Qantas 2011, October 29 ).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the paragraph number(s).

'We apologise for the interruption to international flights due to recent industrial action … ' (Qantas, 2011, para. 1).

Reference list

Template

Author Date, Title, description, Publisher, City OR DOI/URL

Example

Qantas 2011, October 29, Response to industrial action, media release, viewed 30 July 2012, http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/media-releases/oct-2011/5218/

Personal communication

No reference entry required

Int-text citation

(E Jensen 2008, pers. comm., 7 June)

Ford’s Adelaide performance (2008, Festival Theatre, 6 May)

Notes on style

Personal communications (pers. comm.) are not recoverable, so they are not included in the reference list but may be referred to in the text. Identify communicator (seek approval for private communications) and date in round brackets (omit any detail already in surrounding sentence). The following sources are considered personal communications:

Live lectures, presentations, performances, speeches, etc.
Private communications, such as letters, emails, conversations, personal interviews, or posts and comments on social media or other sites protected by privacy settings.
Class/lecture notes taken by yourself/other students, and material accessible only to enrolled students.

Report, government or corporate

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2004) the nation's health is slowly ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s).

'Average Australian's are generally not aware that a health diet can ...' (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2004, p. 2).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, Title, Series number, Publisher, City. OR DOI/URL

Examples

Print

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2004, Australia’s health 2004, AIHW cat. no. AUS 44, AIHW, Canberra.

Online

City of Ballarat 2011, Annual report, viewed 26 August 2012, http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/media/499612/annual%20report_complete.pdf

Notes on style

Give title of report in italics.
Add any series name or number, no italics, after report title.
If published by the same institution and an unambiguous abbreviation is used for the institution, use the abbreviation for publisher name. Otherwise, repeat the full institution name.
If accessed online, add DOI or URL in place of publisher name and location.
If using the abbreviated name of a government body in your text, e.g. AIHW for Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, follow the same reference list guidelines as for a group author (see the in-text citation section).

Review

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Schembri (2008, p. 8) states that the motion picture Australia has ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s).

'Baz Luhrmann's movie Australia has attracted large audiences …' (Schembri 2008, p. 8).

Reference list

Template

Reviewer Year, ‘Title of review’, review of Work reviewed by name (and role) of principal contributor, Date of production/release. Format remaining entry according to the category of material.

Film review (print newspaper)

Schembri, J 2008, review of the motion picture Australia by B. Luhrmann (director), 2008, The Age, 10 November, p. 8.

Theatre review (online)

Croggon, A 2014, review of the play Private lives by N. Coward, Melbourne Theatre Company, Southbank Theatre, Melbourne, 2014, The Guardian Australia, 31 January, viewed 4 April 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/culture/australia-culture-blog/

Give author and year of review.
Give title of review in single quote marks followed by description (no italics except for title of work reviewed). If review has no title, give description alone. Give name and role of principal contributor to work reviewed.
Format remaining parts according to the publication type (e.g., newspaper article, online post, etc.).

Standards, Australian

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Residential timber framed construction techniques are … (Standards Australia 2010, p. 6).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s).

New residential timber frames 'have been simplified for non-cyclonic areas of Australia due to …' (Standards Australia 2010, p. 6).

Reference list

Template

Author Year, Standard title, standard number, Publisher, Location.

Example

Standards Australia 2010, Residential timber framed construction – simplified - non-cyclonic areas: formal specifications (AS 1684.4:2010), Standards Australia, Sydney.

Thesis

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Reid (1998, p. 56) found that dysfunctional drivers ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s).

'Dysfunctional rivers have caused chaos on most major freeways …' (Reid 1998, p. 56).

Reference list

Template

Author year, Title of thesis, description, Institution, Location. OR DOI/URL

Print (unpublished)

Reid, JM 1998, ‘A cognitive study of dysfunctional driving behaviours’, PhD thesis, University of Melbourne, Australia.

Online

Ryan, DA 2013, ‘Crowd monitoring using computer vision’, PhD thesis, Queensland University of Technology, Australia, viewed 31 January 2014, http://eprints.qut.edu.au/65652/1/

Software or app

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

It is also possible to push this information via bluetooth technology to a compatible device (Weatherflow Version 1.5.0).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' '.

Not everything is created in-house, the About Word information acknowledges 'certain templates developed for Microsoft Corporation by Impressa Systems' (Microsoft Word Version 16.0.4639.1000).

Reference list

Template

Title Year, Version number, form, Company, City, State, DOI/URL

Moblie Phone App

Weather Flow 2014, Version 1.5.0, mobile phone application, http://www.windowsphone.com/en-au/store/

Computer Software

Dolphin 2013, Version 4.0.2, computer software, https://dolphin-emu.org/

Only give reference entries for specialised software with limited distribution. No reference entry is needed for standard software and programming languages.
Give title of software (in italics) followed by year (no italics) and version number. Add description after version number. Give name and place of company if accessed as CD, or DOI/URL if accessed online.
If you are referencing or citing artificial intelligence tools, see the FedCite page Artificial intelligence tools.

Artificial intelligence tools

How do you cite and reference AI content?

If you are discussing the software or program itself - use Software or App.

If you are referencing the content output of the program - use Personal Communication (as it is not accessible or retrievable by others).

Referencing style guidance is being developed from the official bodies, and this is interim advice until formal notes can be added.

In-text citation

Template

(Communicator, personal communication, Day Month, Year)

Example

(OpenAI's ChatGPT AI language model, personal communication, 21 February 2023)

Introduction

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

Important: This is a guide only. To avoid losing marks:

Confirm the referencing requirements of your school with your lecturer, and use the following resources to clarify referencing rules or if you need more examples:

The Chicago Manual of Style (17^th ed. 2017)

Overview of Chicago full note citation style

This guide describes the basic features and gives examples of Chicago's full note citation style. Chicago style follows the notes-bibliography system, which involves citing sources in footnotes and then presenting a list of the cited sources in a bibliography at the end of your work.

Footnotes

Footnotes are created by inserting a superscript reference number (i.e., smaller and above the line) in your writing directly after the punctuation mark that ends the sentence (or part of the sentence) containing the words or information you are citing. The reference number directs the reader to the corresponding footnote, which should contain the bibliographic details of the source.

A number inserted into the writing directs the reader to a corresponding footnote.

The corresponding footnote contains bibliographic details of the source.

Numbering and formatting of footnotes is an automatic function in most word-processing programs via the insert footnote command. Notes are normally set one or two points smaller than the general text, and the footnote number is followed by a full stop and a space before the bibliographic details, as in the examples below. Refer to the general rules and punctuation section for more detailed information.

Bibliography

The bibliography is an alphabetical list of all the sources cited. It should begin on a separate page at the end of your paper and provide enough identifying details to allow the source to be located by someone else. Refer to the general rules and punctuation sections following for more detail.

Bibliography

Craig, Brian. “Mrs Holt’s Sorrow.” Australian Women’s Weekly, January 10, 1968. http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/.

Dϋmling, Albrecht. The Vanished Musician: Jewish Refugees in Australia. Translated by Diana K. Weekes. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2016.

Greendale, Nilma. “Road Toll Rising.” Age (Melbourne), May 4, 2006.

Harrison, Edith M. Pacific Travels. N.p.: Collins, n.d.

Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256860903003559.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders.

McConville, Chris. “Melbourne Crime: From War to Depression, 1919-1929.” In The Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 2013. http://adb.anu.edu.au/essay/6/text28416.

Moran, Wendy. “Enhancing Understanding of Teaching and the Profession through School Innovation Rounds.” Australian Journal of Teacher Education 39, no. 3 (2014): 68–85. http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/.

Narvin, Chris. “Patient Wellbeing.” Nursing Journal 20, no. 10 (2013): 30–33

Smith, Jeremy “Civilisational Analysis and Intercultural Models of American Societies.” Journal of Intercultural Studies, 30, no. 3 (2009): 233-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256860903003559.

Winton, Tim. Dirt Music. Sydney: Picador, 2001.

Creating full note citations

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

Creating full note and shortened citations

Creating the footnote

Insert the footnote number immediately after the punctuation mark that ends the sentence (or part of the sentence) where you have used the source. The first time you cite a source, the corresponding footnote should contain the full source information.

The basic full footnote in Chicago note style

Use the author’s full name in standard order, i.e. first name followed by surname.
Set titles of larger works (e.g. books and journals) in italics, and capitalise in headline style.
Enclose titles of smaller works (e.g. chapters, articles), parts of works, or unpublished sources in double quotation marks without italics.
Enclose publication details in parentheses (round brackets). If the city is likely to be unknown to the reader or confused with another city of the same name, add the state (abbreviated) or country.
Add the page number or range (or figure or table number) when quoting from or referring to a specific part of the source. Use of ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’ before the page number is not necessary. If the source shows no page numbers, give paragraph number/s or closest heading.
Separate the elements with a comma, and end the note with a full stop.
Use abbreviations such as ‘ed.’ or ‘eds.’ (for editor/edited by), ‘trans.’ (translator/translated by), ‘vol.’ (volume), ed. (edition), ‘pt.’ (part) and rev. (revised, revised by, revision and review).

Template and example

First name Surname, Title (City: Publisher, Year), page reference.

1. Sarah Gleeson, The Medical Experience of Art and Music (Sydney: Collins, 1983), 24.

How to shorten repeated notes

If a citation is repeated, shorten the note as follows.

Give author’s last name only (add first name or initial/s to differentiate if citing authors with the same last name) and omit any abbreviations (e.g., ed. or trans.) used in the full reference. Use the accepted abbreviation for organisation names and include the abbreviation in the first mention.
Shorten titles of over four words by omitting ‘A’ or ‘The’, and selecting key words. Preserve the same word order and format (italics or quotations marks) as in the full title.

Examples

2. Edgerson, Drama Therapy, 19.

3. Gleeson, Medical Experience, 86.

N.B. In each section of this guide, you will see examples of shortened notes for each category of source type.

Author variations

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

	Full note	Bibliography
One author	1. F. Scott Fitzgerald, …	Fitzgerald, F. Scott.
Two authors	2. Hazel Smith and R. T. Dean,	Smith, Hazel, and R.T. Dean.
Three authors	3. Parsad Davinder, Sunil Dogra, and Amrinder Jit Kanwar, …	Davinder, Parsad, Sunil Dogra, and Amrinder Jit Kanwar.
Four or more authors	4. Jane Medwell et al., …	Medwell, Jane, David Wray, Louise Poulson, and Richard Fox.
Group author (Government or organisation)	5. World Health Organization [WHO], …	World Health Organization.

Basic

Present the author’s name as it appears on the source.
In the note, present the name in normal order; i.e., First name (and/or initials) Surname.
In the bibliography, present the name in reverse order; i.e., Surname, First name (and/or initials).

More than one author

Two or three authors: Name all authors in the note and bibliography. Join the last author by ‘and’.
Four or more authors: In the note, name first author only followed by ‘et al.’. Name all in the bibliography.
In the bibliography, present the first author’s name in reverse order; present co-authors’ names in normal order.

Group author

If there is no personal author credited, give the group as the author (even if it is also the publisher).
Give the name in full in the first note and in the bibliography entry.
Use the accepted abbreviation (include in the first full note) in all subsequent notes if the group has a long name.

Multiple sources in the same note

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Two interesting novels spring to mind ...¹

Direct quote

"Now Mr Gatsby do you think I could ..."²

Footnote

Full note

1. Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms (New York: Scribner, 2012), 92; F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003), 43.

Subsequent note

3. Hemingway, Farewell to Arms, 58; Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 82 .

Bibliography

Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003.

Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York: Scribner, 2012.

Group multiple sources that support a single point into one note and separate by a semicolon.
If you have named the sources in your writing, list them in the same order in the note.

Multiple works by same author in same year

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Cultural insights can be found in ...¹

Celebrations in certain cultures ...³

Footnote

Full note

1. Jeremy Smith, “Civilisational Analysis and Intercultural Models of American Societies,” Journal of Intercultural Studies 30, no. 3 (2009 ): 236, https://doi.org/10.1080/07256860903003559; Jeremy Smith, “Outside and Against the Quincentenary: Modern Indigenous Representations at the Time of the Colombian Celebrations,” Atlantic Studies 6, no. 1 (2009): 74-75, https://doi.org/10.1080/14788810902731984.

Subsequent notes

3. Smith, “Civilisational Analysis", 240; Smith, "Outside and Against", 69.

The above examples relate to multiple works by the same author in the same year when appearing in the same note.
Where multiple works by the same author in the same year appear in separate notes, they are formatted as any other source of the same type (eg book, journal article.) Since the tile appears in each note, there is no risk of ambiguity.

Bibliography

Smith, Jeremy. “Civilisational Analysis and Intercultural Models of American Societies.” Journal of Intercultural Studies, 30, no. 3 (2009): 233-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256860903003559.

Smith, Jeremy. “Outside and Against the Quincentenary: Modern Indigenous Representations at the Time of the Colombian Celebrations.” Atlantic Studies, 6, no. 1 (2009): 63-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/14788810902731984.

In the bibliography, list works by the same author name alphabetically by title.
A bibliography of works by a single author is usually arranged chronologically, with the earliest written work first. In this case, multiple titles written in the same year would be listed alphabetically.

No date and/or place of publication

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The vicar had been based in Wakefield for many years when ...²

Direct quote

"I have been in the parish of Wakefield for many years now and recently ..."⁴

Footnote

Full note: Date and/or place unknown

1. Edith M. Harrison, Pacific Travels (n.p.: Collins, n.d.), 56.

Full note: Publisher unknown

2. Oliver Goldsmith, The Vicar of Wakefield (Salisbury, 1766), 29.

Subsequent notes

3. Harrison, Pacific Travels, 82.

4. Goldsmith, Vicar of Wakefield, 16–22.

Bibliography

Goldsmith, Oliver. The Vicar of Wakefield. Salisbury, 1766.

Harrison, Edith M. Pacific Travels. N.p.: Collins, n.d.

If the place of publication is unknown, use ‘n.p.’ (for ‘no place’) in note and ‘N.p.’ in the bibliography.
If the publisher is unknown, give the place (if known) and date.
If the date is unknown, use ‘n.d.’ (for ‘no date’).

Secondary citation

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

A secondary citation is when you refer to a source cited in another source. You should always try to find and cite the original source. Use the reference list from the source you read, and try and find the original source referred to. You can ask a librarian if you need assistance.

If you are using words or ideas from a source that you found quoted or cited in another (secondary) source, you must identify both of the sources.

Give one entry that includes both sources.
Begin the entry with the original source and add 'cited in' or 'quoted in' (as relevant) in front of the full details for the secondary source.

Footnote

Full note

1. Fiona Hilferty, “Teacher Professionalism and Cultural Diversity: Skills, Knowledge and Values for a Changing Australia,” Australian Educational Researcher 35, no. 3 (2008): 58, quoted in Kathryn Meldrum and Jacqui Peters, Learning to Teach Health and Physical Education: The Student, the Teacher and the Curriculum (Sydney: Pearson Australia, 2012), 109.

Subsequent notes

3. Hilferty, “Teacher Professionalism.”

Bibliography

Hilferty, Fiona. “Teacher Professionalism and Cultural Diversity: Skills, Knowledge and Values for a Changing Australia.” Australian Educational Researcher 35, no. 3 (2008): 58. Quoted in Kathryn Meldrum and Jacqui Peters, Learning to Teach Health and Physical Education: The Student, the Teacher and the Curriculum, Sydney: Pearson Australia, 2012.

Creating a bibliography

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

Looking at the elements

Each source cited in a footnote needs a corresponding entry in the bibliography. This entry should contain enough identifying information about the source to allow it to be located by someone else.

In Chicago Note style, the bibliography entry and the full footnote contain the same information, with minor formatting differences.

A basic Chicago Note bibliography entry is made up of the following elements:

Author + Title + Publisher information + Year + URL or DOI

Authors Who created the source?	This identifies the creator or principal contributor of the source. It could be a person or a group (organisation or government). Some sources may have more than one author.
Title What is the source called?	This is the full title in the words and spelling of the source. If your source is part of a larger work (e.g., article from a journal; chapter from a book), you need to include both titles.
Publisher information Who made the source available in the form I used?	This identifies the publisher of the version you used and their location (city). You need to include this for print books and physical media. You don’t need it for journals and newspapers or online sources. The information can usually be found with the copyright information.
Publication year/date When was the source published?	This identifies the year or specific date the source was made available in the version you accessed. Use the copyright year/date if this is shown. For online sources, this is the year or specific date the content was created (for a page or document) or the date of posting (for a post).
URL or DOI If I accessed this source online, what is its Digital Object Identifier (DOI)? If there is no DOI, what is the address of the source one?	The DOI acts as a permanent link to an item. Not all material will have a DOI, but you need to include it if one has been assigned. If a DOI has been assigned, you should find it with the copyright information, or with other details on database or catalogue lists. If there is no DOI, include a URL. Provide the URL that leads most directly and reliably to the source. Give the homepage URL if the item can be searched for easily from there or if a login is required or if the URL is unstable. Otherwise, give the full URL.

Creating the bibliography entry

Below are instructions for formatting the parts of a Chicago Note bibliography entry. Note that every part ends with a full stop, and there is a space after each punctuation mark.

Author + Title + Publisher information + Year + URL OR DOI

Author

Hall, Jane. L., and Brian. T. Ashton. A Spoonful of Valour …

Smith, Gina, Terry L. Ferris, and Erin Henderson. Rainfall …

Winton, Tim. Dirt Music. …

Give the author’s surname plus the given name/s or initials as shown on the source.
Name all authors if there are more than one. Invert first author’s name only.
For more detail on author treatment, see the example section.

Title

Harris, Miles. The Mighty Yarra: Rivers of Victoria. …

Irwell, Maria. “Reimagining Dadaism.” Journal of Abstract Art …

Jensen, Paul. R. Wartime Navy Reminiscences …

Give the title in the wording and spelling shown on the source.
Give both titles if source is part of a larger work.
Enclose parts of works in quotation marks and set larger work in italics.
Give initial capitals to the first, last and principal words of the title and the subtitle.
Separate title and any subtitle by a colon.
If no title is shown, give a brief descriptive title, using no italics or quotation marks.

Publisher information

Gourley, Dianne. Action Man. Chicago: Bellinger, 2002.

Give city and name of publisher. Add state (initials) or country if extra identification is needed.
Separate city and state/country by a comma and publisher by a colon.
If there is more than one city named on the source, give the first-named city.
If the place of publication is unknown, use ‘N.p.’ (for ‘No place’) in the bibliography.
If the publisher is unknown, give the place (if known) and date.

Year

Gardiner, Ian T. Life in Rural Australia. Adelaide: Phoenix, n.d.

Greendale, Nilma. “Road Toll Rising.” Age (Melbourne), May 4, 2006.

Narvin, Chris. “Patient Wellbeing.” Nursing Journal 20, no. 10 (2013): 30–33

Winton, Tim. Dirt Music. Sydney: Picador, 2001.

Add year after publisher details for books, or in parentheses after issue number for journals.
Add month and day for sources with specific publication dates (newspapers, magazines).
Use ‘n.d.’ (stands for ‘no date’) if no year/date can be found on the source.

URL/DOI

Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411. doi:10.1086/599247.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders.

Include the DOI when one has been assigned.
DOIs begin with ‘https://doi.org/’ eg https://doi.org/10.1086/679716
If no DOI, give the URL. Break the URL/DOI (if needed) either after a colon or double slash or before a single slash or other punctuation marks.

Access dates

No access date is required unless:
There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.
Notes for Authors:
Some publishers may require an access date so check with the individual publisher before submitting a work for publication.
See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748.

How to present a bibliography

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

How to set up the bibliography

Begin the list with the heading ‘Bibliography’ on a new page at the end of your work.
Use double line-spacing and a hanging indent (approx. 0.75 cm or 4-5 spaces).
If a DOI or URL needs to be broken across a line, break EITHER after a colon or double slash OR before a single slash or punctuation mark.

What to include

Unless advised otherwise by your teacher or lecturer:

Include an entry for every source you have cited in a note.
Do not include entries for sources you have not cited, however relevant.

How to arrange the entries

Alphabetise entries by author’s last name (which begins the entry).
List entries with no author by title. (Ignore ‘A’ or ‘An’ or ‘The’ as first words.)
If you have more than one entry with the same author, list alphabetically by title under the author’s name.

Example of a Chicago Note bibliography

Bibliography

Craig, Brian. “Mrs Holt’s Sorrow.” Australian Women’s Weekly, January 10, 1968. http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/.

Dϋmling, Albrecht. The Vanished Musician: Jewish Refugees in Australia. Translated by Diana K. Weekes. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2016.

Greendale, Nilma. “Road Toll Rising.” Age (Melbourne), May 4, 2006.

Harrison, Edith M. Pacific Travels. N.p.: Collins, n.d.

Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256860903003559.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders.

Narvin, Chris. “Patient Wellbeing.” Nursing Journal 20, no. 10 (2013): 30–33

Smith, Jeremy “Civilisational Analysis and Intercultural Models of American Societies.” Journal of Intercultural Studies, 30, no. 3 (2009): 233-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256860903003559.

Winton, Tim. Dirt Music. Sydney: Picador, 2001.

Missing elements

This table offers broad guidance to assist in creating citations and references with MISSING elements.

The formatted examples reflect the referencing requirements for a ‘website post or page’.

Refer to FedCite or the reference style’s official publication for instruction and templates when referencing other specific material types such as books, journals, web documents, etc.

Refer to the Using Chicago Note section in FedCite for instruction on formatting requirements for the Bibliography.

Missing element	Bibliography	Footnote
Nothing missing	*Author, A. Title. Source, Year.* Patterson, Ransom. “Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning.” College Info Geek. Last modified July 2, 2021. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	*First Name Surname, Title* (Source, Year), Page** 1. Ransom Patterson, “Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning.” College Info Geek, last modified July 2, 2021. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/
No author	Substitute title for Author; then provide Source and date. List alphabetically by the first word in the title Title of Document. Source, Year. Textbook Reading for Ultra-Efficient Learning. College Info Geek. Last modified July 2, 2021. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	Substitute title of document for Author. Full title in italics and headline style Smaller works (chapters, articles) in double quotation marks, no italics. Follow instructions for shortened repeated notes. Title of Document (Source, Year), Page or “Title” (Source, Year), Page. 1. Textbook Reading for Ultra-Efficient Learning. College Info Geek, last modified July 2, 2021. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/
No date	Substitute n.d. for no date if no Year can be found on the Source. *Author, First Name. Title of Document.* Source, n.d.** Patterson, Ransom. “Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning.” College Info Geek. Accessed October 13, 2021. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	Substitute n.d. for no date. *First Name Surname, Title* (Source, n.d.), Page.** 1. Ransom Patterson, “Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning.” College Info Geek, accessed October 13, 2021, https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/
No title	If no Title is shown, give a brief descriptive title No italics or quotation marks. Author, First Name. Description of document. Source, Year. Patterson, Ransom. How to read a textbook. College Info Geek. Last modified July 2, 2021. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	If there is no Title, give a descriptive phrase. Enclose descriptive phrase in “double quotation marks”. First Name Surname, “Description of document” (Source, Year), Page 1. Ransom Patterson, “How to read a textbook.” College Info Geek, accessed October 13, 2021, https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/
No author & date	Substitute Title of document for Author, then Source, and n.d. for no date in round brackets, then page range. Title of Document (Source, Year), page “Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning.” College Info Geek. Accessed October 13, 2021. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	Substitute description of document for Author. Description of document (Source, Year), page 1. “How to read a textbook”. College Info Geek, last modified July 2, 2021. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/
No date & title	Provide Author, description of document, Source and, n.d. for no date. Author, First Name. Description of document. Source, n.d. Patterson, Ransom. How to read a textbook. College Info Geek, accessed October 13, 2021. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	Provide Author first name and surname, description of THE document, the provide Source and n.d. for no date in round brackets, then page range. Enclose a descriptive phrase in double quotation marks. First Name Surname, “Description of document” (Source, n.d.), page 1. Ransom Patterson, “How to read a textbook.” College Info Geek, accessed October 13, 2021, https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/
No author, date & title	Substitute description of document for Author, then Source, and substitute n.d. for no date Description of document. Source, n.d. How to read a textbook. College Info Geek, accessed October 13, 2021.https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/ Citing from a source with so few credentials may not be suitable in a piece of academic writing	Substitute description of document for Author, then Source and n.d. for no date, the page range. Enclose a descriptive phrase in “double quotation marks”. *“Description of document” (Source, n.d.), page* 1. “How to read a textbook”. College Info Geek, accessed October 13, 2021. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/
No source	Place of publication missing, use the place holder n.p. to indicate no place The publisher is missing: use the placeholder n.p. to indicate no publisher. Cite as personal communication or find a substitute	Publisher information missing, use n.p. for *no place, or no publisher* *First Name Surname, Title* (n.p., Year), Page**
No pagination	Skip for reference list if not present.	If page numbers are not given, use a paragraph or other section numbers if you need to be specific.

American Psychological Association. “Missing reference information.” Last modified December, 2021. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/missing-information

The Chicago Manual of Style. 17th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017.

Changes in Chicago 17th ed.

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

The following is a summary of the main changes. The relevant section of the Chicago Manual of Style is given in brackets. Please check the relevant FedCite page for each source you are citing to ensure accuracy.

Use of ibid.

The use of ibid. when repeating a citation listed immediately before is now discouraged in favour of shortened citations (14.29; 14.34).
See the “Creating full note and shortened citations” section in FedCite for more detailed information. You will see examples of shortened notes under each source type category in this guide.

The use of permalinks and shortened URLs (14.9; 14.10)

Where an online resource has no DOI (Digital Object identifier), a permalink (stable or persistent URL) is preferred. To help the reader to find the cited source, a URL should include the domain or database name, and should link to a page that identifies the domain or database even when not logged in.

Locations in electronic formats without fixed pages (14.160)

Where possible, cite a chapter or paragraph number or a section heading; this will help the reader in finding a specific part of the text.

Clarification on avoiding 3-em dashes for authors’ names in bibliographies (14.67)

The 3-em dash (———) can present formatting issues; rather than use the 3-em dash when the same author is referred to in multiple works in the bibliography, it is generally better to repeat the author’s name and alphabetise by the title of each book by the same author.

New guidelines on citing

Social media content (14.209)
Paintings, photographs and sculptures (14.235)
Live performances (14.266)
Multimedia app content, including video games (14.268)
Maps (14.237)
Industry standards (14.259)

You can find examples relating to each of the above sources in the relevant FedCite sections.

Changes and expanded content

Legal and public documents (14.269-305)

Updates and additions conforming to the 20th edition of The Bluebook.

Websites and blogs, including social media (14.205-210)

The titles of websites with print counterparts (such as newspapers) are italicised; those without print counterparts are not italicised. Blog posts are cited like online newspapers.

Personal communications, including texts and social media posts (14.214)

Personal communications can usually be referred to either in the text or in a note, and are rarely included in the bibliography. Include the medium if relevant.

Audiovisual recordings and multimedia (14.261)

Elements included will vary depending on the type of source, whether the focus is on a particular contributor (eg composer, performer or other), or on a specific part rather than the whole of the source.

You can find examples relating to each of the above sources in the relevant FedCite sections.

See also: What’s New in the 17th Edition: a partial list of more significant changes, clarifications, updates and additions. (See Part III, Chapter 14 for updates relating to Notes & Bibliography).

Basic

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Travelling through Italy, India and Indonesia provided Elizabeth Gilbert with ... ¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"As I travelled through Italy ..."⁵

Footnotes

Full note

1. Elizabeth Gilbert, Eat, Pray, Love: One Woman’s Search for Everything across Italy, India, and Indonesia (New York: Viking, 2006), 22.

Subsequent notes

5. Gilbert, Eat, Pray, Love, 59.

Bibliography

Template

Author. Title. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year.

Example

Gilbert, Elizabeth. Eat, Pray, Love: One Woman’s Search for Everything across Italy, India, and Indonesia. New York: Viking, 2006.

Notes on style

Give author’s name in normal order (first name surname) in the note, inverted in the bibliography.
Give title in full, including any subtitle separated by a colon. Capitalise in headline style.
Enclose publisher, place and year in parentheses in the note, but not in the bibliography.
Add page numbers when referring to a specific page, or page range.

Translation

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Albrecht Dϋmling paints a powerful picture of the Jewish refugee experience in Australia by ...²

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"Jewish refugees in Australia during the ..."⁶

Footnotes

Full note

2. Albrecht Dϋmling, The Vanished Musician: Jewish Refugees in Australia, trans. Diana K. Weekes (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2016), 98.

Subsequent notes

6. Dϋmling, Vanished Musician, 105.

Bibliography

Template

Author. Title. Translated by name of translator. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year.

Example

Dϋmling, Albrecht. The Vanished Musician: Jewish Refugees in Australia. Translated by Diana K. Weekes. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2016.

Notes on style

Give the author’s name in normal order in the note, inverted in the bibliography.
Give title in full, including any subtitle separated by a colon. Capitalise in headline style.
Name translator after thew title, preceded by ‘trans.’ in the note, and ‘Translated by’ in the bibliography.
Enclose publisher, place and year in parentheses in the note, but not in the bibliography.
Add page numbers when referring to a specific page, or page range.

Different edition

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Those new to writing will benefit from the many topics covered in this book including ...³

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"Correct grammar is essential because ..."⁷

Footnotes

Full note

3. William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White, The Elements of Style, 4th ed. (New York: Allyn and Bacon, 2000), 41–50.

Subsequent notes

7. Strunk and White, Elements of Style, 58.

Bibliography

Template

Author. Title. # ed. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year.

Example

Strunk, William, Jr., and E. B. White. The Elements of Style. 4th ed. New York: Allyn and Bacon, 2000.

Notes on style

Add edition description after the title (abbreviate to ‘ed.’).
Revised editions (with no edition number) are abbreviated as rev.ed.
Edition information is not given for first editions. If no edition statement is shown, assume it is the first.

Volume from a multi-volume work

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Dramatic performance is an art dating from ...⁴

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"Recent performances by young actors has shown that ..."⁸

Footnotes

Full note: Untitled volume

4. Jennifer Roberts, ed., Dramatic Arts (Sydney: Milton Press, 1987), 1:234.

Full note: Volume has a separate title

5. John Smith, ed., The History of Theatre, vol.1, Classical Greece (London: South London Press, 1992), 2-3.

Subsequent notes

8. Roberts, Dramatic Arts, 1:68-73.

9. Smith, History of Theatre, 1:12.

Bibliography

Template: Untitled volume

Author. Title. Vol. #. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year.

Example

Roberts, Jennifer, ed. Dramatic Arts. Vol. 1. Sydney: Milton Press, 1958.

Template: Volume has a separate title

Author. Title of Whole Work. Vol. #, Title of Volume. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year.

Example

Smith, John, ed. The History of Theatre. Vol.1, Classical Greece. London: South London Press, 1992.

Notes on style

If the cited volume has its own title, volume number appears after the title of the whole work, followed by a comma, then the title of the volume in italics. This applies to both the full note and the bibliography.
The volume number is always written in Arabic numerals.
If volumes have been published in different years, include only the date of the volume being cited.

Edited book/ Book chapter

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Alice Mills and Jeremy Smith discuss the complex topic of taboo ...¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"The silence surrounding infectious disease is often deafening ..."²

Footnote

Full note: Edited collection

1. Alice Mills and Jeremy Smith, eds., Utter Silence: Voicing the Unspeakable (New York: Peter Lang, 2001).

Full note: Book chapter

2. Janet Brown, “Silence, Taboo and Infectious Disease,” in Utter Silence: Voicing the Unspeakable, ed. Alice Mills and Jeremy Smith (New York: Peter Lang, 2001), 86.

The word ‘in’ is not capitalised in the note.

Subsequent notes

3. Mills and Smith, Utter Silence, 24.

Omit ‘ed.’ or ‘eds.’ in subsequent notes

4. Brown, “Silence, Taboo,” 94.

Bibliography

Template: Edited collection

Author/ eds. Title of book. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year.

Example

Mills, Alice, and Jeremy Smith, eds. Utter Silence: Voicing the Unspeakable. New York: Peter Lang, 2001.

Template: Book chapter

Author. "Chapter title." In Title of book, edited by authors, Page range. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year.

Example

Brown, Janet. “Silence, Taboo and Infectious Disease.” In Utter Silence: Voicing the Unspeakable, edited by Alice Mills and Jeremy Smith, 83–91. New York: Peter Lang, 2001.

The word ‘In’ is capitalised in the bibliography entry.

Notes on style

If citing the collection, give editor/s in author position, followed by ‘ed.’ (or ‘eds.’). Treat remaining elements as for a basic book.
If citing a chapter from an edited collection, begin with chapter author and title, followed by title of work, editor/s and page reference to passage being cited; in bibliography give the chapter page range.

Online or e-book

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The Great Gatsby is set in the roaring twenties ...²

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"Gatsby entered the room with an air of contempt ..."⁴

Footnote

Full note: Accessed online

1. Scott Dorkins, Good Times (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/goodtimes/.

Full note: Downloaded as an e-book

2. F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003), Kindle.

Subsequent notes

3. Dorkins, Good Times, chap. 10

4. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby.

Bibliography

Template: Accessed online

Author. Title. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. DOI/URL.

Example

Dorkins, Scott. Good Times. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/goodtimes/.

Template: Downloaded as an e-book

Author. Title. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. e-reader format.

Example

Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003. Kindle.

Notes on style

Treat as for a print book in the relevant category. Additional information relating to online source or ebook format is added at the end of the citation, as detailed below:
If a book is consulted online, add DOI or URL.
If a DOI or suitable URL is not available for an ebook accessed via a commercial subscription database, add the database name in place of the URL or DOI.
If downloaded as a dedicated e-book, add e-reader format. No access date or URL is needed.
If pages are not static, give relevant heading or chapter or other numbered division as location reference.
No access date is required unless:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Print

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Patient wellbeing is important because ...¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"Recent studies investigating patient wellbeing have found that ..."⁶

Footnotes

Full note

1. Chris Narvin, “Patient Wellbeing,” Nursing Journal 20, no.10 (2013): 31.

Subsequent notes

6. Narvin, “Patient Wellbeing,” 32.

Bibliography

Template

Author. "Article title." Journal name volume, no. # (year): Page range.

Example

Narvin, Chris. “Patient Wellbeing.” Nursing Journal 20, no.10 (2013): 30–33.

Notes on style

Give article author, article title in double quotations marks, journal name in italics, volume and issue number.
Give specific page references in the note. Give page range of whole article in the bibliography.
If accessed online, add the DOI, URL or database name.

Online with DOI

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The term homophily refers to ...⁴

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"Friends, spouses, romantic partners, co-workers, colleagues, and other professional and recreational associates all tend to be more similar to each other than randomly chosen members of the same ..."⁹

Footnotes

Full note

4. Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts, “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network,” American Journal of Sociology, 115 (2009): 411, https://doi.org/10.1086/599247.

Subsequent notes

9. Kossinets and Watts, “Origins of Homophily,” 406.

Bibliography

Template

Author. "Article title." Journal name volume, no. # (year): Page range. DOI.

Example

Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115, (2009): 405–50. https://doi.org/10.1086/599247.

Notes on style

Give article author, article title in double quotations marks, journal name in italics, volume and issue number.
Give specific page references in the note. Give page range of whole article in the bibliography.
If accessed online, add the DOI whenever there is one.
No access date is required unless:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Online with URL

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The quality of teaching rounds is often inconsistent due to a range of factors such as ...³

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"The method of observation imitates that used by medical students completing medical rounds and ..."⁸

Footnotes

Full note

3. Wendy Moran, “Enhancing Understanding of Teaching and the Profession through School Innovation Rounds,” Australian Journal of Teacher Education 39, no. 3 (2014): 212, http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/.

Subsequent notes

8. Moran, “Enhancing Understanding,” 72.

Bibliography

Template

Author. "Article title." Journal name volume, no. # (year): Page range. URL.

Example

Moran, Wendy. “Enhancing Understanding of Teaching and the Profession through School Innovation Rounds.” Australian Journal of Teacher Education 39, no. 3 (2014): 68–85. http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/.

Notes on style

Give article author, article title in double quotations marks, journal name in italics, volume, and issue number.
Give specific page references in the note. Give page range of the whole article in the bibliography.
If accessed online, add the URL if there is no DOI.
No access date is required unless:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Online from database

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to recent research ...⁵

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"The quality of treatment is linked to selective contracting due to ..."¹⁰

Footnotes

Full note

5. David H. Howard, “Hospital Quality and Selective Contracting: Evidence from Kidney Transplantation,” Forum for Health Economics and Policy 11, no. 2 (2008): 214, PubMed Central (PMC2600561).

Subsequent notes

10. Howard, “Hospital Quality,” 218.

Bibliography

Template

Author. "Article title." Journal name volume, no. # (year): Database name.

Example

Howard, David H. “Hospital Quality and Selective Contracting: Evidence from Kidney Transplantation.” Forum for Health Economics and Policy 11, no. 2 (2008). PubMed Central (PMC2600561).

Notes on style

Give article author, article title in double quotations marks, journal name in italics, volume, and issue number.
Give specific page references in the note. Give page range of the whole article in the bibliography.
If accessed online, add the database name if there is no DOI or suitable URL.
No access date is required unless:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Abstract

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Vitiligo is a condition that ...²

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"Many patients receive treatment which increases their quality of life ..."⁷

Footnotes

Full note

2. Parsad Davinder, Sunil Dogra, and Amrinder Kanwar, “Quality of Life in Patients with Vitiligo,” abstract, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 1 (2003): 58.

Subsequent notes

7. Davinder, Dogra, and Kanwar, “Quality of Life,” 22.

Bibliography

Template

Author. "Article title." Journal name volume, no. # (year): Page range.

Example

Davinder, Parsad, Sunil Dogra, and Amrinder Kanwar. “Quality of Life in Patients with Vitiligo.” Abstract. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 1 (2003): 58.

Notes on style

Give article author, article title in double quotations marks, journal name in italics, volume, and issue number.
Give specific page references in the note. Give page range of the whole article in the bibliography.
If accessed online, add the DOI, URL or database name.
No access date is required unless:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Print

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Kennedy's assassin has been identified as ...¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"The president was shot today as he ..."⁷

Footnotes

Full note

1. Jim Hunt, “Assassin Kills Kennedy,” Chicago Tribune, November 22, 1963.

Subsequent notes

7. Hunt, “Assassin Kills Kennedy.”

Bibliography

Template

Author. “Article title.” Newspaper/Magazine Name, Date.

Example

Hunt, Jim. “Assassin Kills Kennedy.” Chicago Tribune, November 22, 1963.

Notes on style

Give author, article title (in quotation marks), newspaper/magazine name (italics), and date of issue.
If no author is credited, begin with article title in the note but newspaper/magazine name in the bibliography.
Omit any ‘The’ from the beginning of the newspaper name. If the city is not in name, add in round brackets.
Page references can be omitted from newspaper articles (they may be unreliable due to multiple editions of a single issue) but should be included when citing magazine articles.

Separate section

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

There are many restaurants and cafes in Melbourne that serve wonderful African dishes full of exotic spices ...²

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"The exotic tastes of Africa have added a new dimension to Melbourne dining"⁸

Footnotes

Full note

2. Nina Rousseau, “Arrival of the Spice Setters,” Age Epicure (Melbourne), June 3, 2008.

Subsequent notes

8. Rousseau, “Arrival of the Spice Setters," 5.

Bibliography

Template

Author. "Article title." Newspaper name Section Date.

Example

Rousseau, Nina. “Arrival of the Spice Setters.” Age Epicure (Melbourne), June 3, 2008.

Notes on style

If the article is in a separate section or supplement, add the name after the title (see Rousseau example above).
Supplements and magazines are usually included in a note; it is not normally necessary to include them in the bibliography.
Give author, article title (in quotation marks), newspaper/magazine name (italics), and date of issue.
If no author is credited, begin with article title in the note but newspaper/magazine name in the bibliography.
Omit any ‘The’ from the beginning of the newspaper name. If the city is not in name, add in round brackets without italicising.
Page references can be omitted from newspaper articles (they may be unreliable due to multiple editions of a single issue) but maybe included when citing special sections or supplements of newspapers.
If accessed online, treat as for print article and add URL or DOI. If the article is a digital replica of a print edition (e.g., from Trove), page numbers can be added.
No access date is required unless:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

No author credited

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

A recent advertisement supporting the Republican candidate ...³

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"The race for Governor in the state of ..."³

Footnotes

Full note

3. “Ad Heats Up Race for Governor,” New York Times, July 30, 2002, 2.

Subsequent notes

9. “Ad Heats Up Race.”

Bibliography

Template

Newspaper name." Article title." Date.

Example

New York Times. “Ad Heats Up Race for Governor.” July 30, 2002.

Notes on style

Give author, article title (in quotation marks), newspaper/magazine name (italics), and date of issue.
If no author is credited, begin with article title in the note but newspaper/magazine name in the bibliography.
Omit any ‘The’ from the beginning of the newspaper name. If the city is not in name, add in round brackets.
Page references can be omitted from newspaper articles (they may be unreliable due to multiple editions of a single issue) but should be included when citing magazine articles.
If accessed online, treat as for print article and add URL or DOI. If the article is a digital replica of a print edition (e.g., from Trove), page numbers can be added.
No access date is required unless:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Letter to the editor

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

In a recent letter to the editor ...⁴

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"I would like to make readers aware that ..."¹⁰

Footnotes

Full note

4. Jamila Khan, letter to the editor, Australian, September 7, 2012.

Subsequent notes

10. Khan, letter to editor, 43.

Bibliography

Template

Author. Letter to the editor. Newspaper name, Date.

Example

Khan, Jamila. Letter to the editor. Australian, September 7, 2012.

Notes on style

Give author, article title (in quotation marks), newspaper/magazine name (italics), and date of issue.
If no author is credited, begin with article title in the note but newspaper/magazine name in the bibliography.
Omit any ‘The’ from the beginning of the newspaper name. If the city is not in name, add in round brackets.
Page references can be omitted from newspaper articles (they may be unreliable due to multiple editions of a single issue) but should be included when citing magazine articles.
If accessed online, treat as for print article and URL or DOI. If the article is a digital replica of a print edition (e.g., from Trove), page numbers can be added.
No access date is required unless:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Online replica of a print edition (e.g., from Trove)

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Mrs Holt's Sorrow is an excellent example of ...⁵

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"As Mrs Holt entered the room it was apparent that ..."¹¹

Footnotes

Full note

5. Brian Craig, “Mrs Holt’s Sorrow,” Australian Women’s Weekly, January 10, 1968, 2–3, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/.

Subsequent notes

11. Craig, “Mrs Holt's Sorrow,” 2.

Bibliography

Template

Author, "Article title," Newspaper name, Date. URL.

Example

Craig, Brian. “Mrs Holt’s Sorrow.” Australian Women’s Weekly, January 10, 1968. http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/.

Notes on style

Give author, article title (in quotation marks), newspaper/magazine name (italics), and date of issue.
If no author is credited, begin with article title in the note but newspaper/magazine name in the bibliography.
Omit any ‘The’ from the beginning of the newspaper name. If the city is not in name, add in round brackets.
If accessed online, treat as for print article and URL or DOI. If the article is a digital replica of a print edition (e.g., from Trove), page numbers can be added.
No access date is required unless:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Online edition

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Russia's journey with Scientology has been ...⁶

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"Scientology has been ..."¹²

Footnotes

Full note

6. Wendy Cole and Janice Castro, “Scientology’s Largesse in Russia,” Time, April 13, 1992, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/.

Subsequent notes

12. Cole and Castro, “Scientology’s Largesse,” 7.

Bibliography

Template

Author, "Article title," Newspaper name, Date. URL.

Example

Cole, Wendy, and Janice Castro. “Scientology’s Largesse in Russia.” Time, April 13, 1992. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/.

Notes of style

Give author, article title (in quotation marks), newspaper/magazine name (italics), and date of issue.
If no author is credited, begin with article title in the note but newspaper/magazine name in the bibliography.
Omit any ‘The’ from the beginning of the newspaper name. If the city is not in name, add in round brackets.
If accessed online, treat as for print article and add URL or DOI. If the article is a digital replica of a print edition (e.g., from Trove), page numbers can be added.
No access date is required unless:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Audiobook (CD, audio file)

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Oliver finds himself in trouble when ...²

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " "

"Fagin's boys were always on the lookout for ..."⁴

Footnotes

Full note: CD

1. Peter FitzSimons, Kokoda, read by Lewis FitzGerald (Sydney: ABC Audio, 2013), audiobook, compact disc.

Full note: Online

2. Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist, read by Peter Batchelor (New York: Random House Audible, 2013), audiobook, MP3 audio, http://www.audible.com.

Subsequent notes

3. FitzSimons, Kokoda.

4. Dickens, Oliver Twist.

Bibliography

Template

Author. Title. Read by name. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Medium, Format. URL.

Example

Dickens, Charles. Oliver Twist. Read by Peter Batchelor. New York: Random House Audible, 2013. Audiobook, MP3 audio. http://www.audible.com.

FitzSimons, Peter. Kokoda. Read by Lewis FitzGerald. Sydney: ABC Audio, 2013. Audiobook, compact disc.

Notes on style

Treat as for print book and add the reader’s name after the title.
If accessed as physical recording, add format at the end. Note Chicago does not abbreviate compact disc to CD.
If accessed online, add file format and URL or DOI.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Audio podcast

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

A special episode of American Life featured a discussion regarding troubled friendships among teens in ...¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " "

"Two best friends now enemies are about to embark on a ..."²

Footnotes

Full note

1. “Frenemies,” September 11, 2009, in This American Life, podcast, 22:00, https://www.thisamericanlife.org/389/frenemies.

Subsequent notes

3. “Frenemies”

Bibliography

Template

Author/performer. "Title of podcast." Date of post/ broadcast. In Program Title. Podcast, medium, duration. URL/ source.

Example

“Frenemies.” September 11, 2009. In This American Life. Podcast, MP3 audio, 22:00. https://www.thisamericanlife.org/389/frenemies.

Notes on style

Give episode (quote marks), podcast title (in italics for Chicago only), description, production entity and date, URL.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Movie, screen or recording

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Back to the Future is a wonderful adventure story ...¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " "

"Well Marty it's time to get the ..."⁵

Footnotes

Full note: Movie screen

1. Back to the Future, directed by Robert Zemeckis (Los Angeles, CA: Universal Pictures, 1985).

Full note: DVD

2. Man of Steel, directed by Zach Snyder (Los Angeles, CA: Warner Bros, 2013), DVD.

Full note: DVD re-issue of earlier film

3. Vertigo, directed by Alfred Hitchcock (1958; Los Angeles, CA: Universal Home Entertainment, 2003), DVD.

Full note: Online

4. Argo, directed by Ben Affleck (Los Angeles, CA: Warner Bros, 2012), https://www.apple.com/au/.

Subsequent notes

5. Back to the Future.

6. Man of Steel.

7. Vertigo.

8. Argo.

Bibliography

Template: DVD

Title. Directed by name. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Medium.

Examples

Back to the Future. Directed by Robert Zemeckis. Los Angeles, CA: Universal Pictures, 1985. DVD.

Man of Steel. Directed by Zach Snyder. Los Angeles, CA: Warner Bros, 2013. DVD.

Vertigo. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. 1958. Los Angeles, CA: Universal Home Entertainment, 2003. DVD.

Template: Online

Title. Directed by name. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. URL.

Example

Argo. Directed by Ben Affleck. Los Angeles, CA: Warner Bros, 2012. https://www.apple.com/au/.

Notes on style

Give title (italics), roles, and names of primary contributors (e.g., director, writer), studio, and year of release.
If focusing on the contribution of the director or writer, begin the entry with him/her followed by the title.
If accessing a re-issue of an earlier studio version, include the original release year as well.
If accessing online, add URL
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Music recording

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text-citations

Paraphrasing

A classic song about autumn in New York warms the heart after a long winter.²

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " "

"Autumn in New York, why does it seem so inviting?"⁵

Footnote

Full note: Album (CD)

1. Richard Strauss, Don Quixote, with Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by Eugene Ormandy, recorded February 24, 1940, Biddulph LAB 042, 1991, compact disc.

Full note: Album track

2. Frank Sinatra, vocal performance of “Autumn in New York,” by Vernon Duke, recorded October 8, 1957, on Come Fly with Me, Capitol, 1958, LP.

Full note: Online music video

3. Sheppard, “Geronimo,” YouTube music video, posted August 1, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL_EXAyGCkw

Subsequent notes

4. Strauss, Don Quixote.

5. Sinatra, “Autumn in New York.”

6. Sheppard, “Geronimo.”

Bibliography

Template

Songwriter, Composer or Performer. "Title of song." Posted date. Form, running time, URL.

Examples

Sheppard. “Geronimo.” Posted August 1, 2014. Video, 4:29. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL_EXAyGCkw.

Sinatra, Frank. Vocal performance of “Autumn in New York.” By Vernon Duke. Recorded October 8, 1957. On Come Fly with Me. Capitol, 1958, LP.

Strauss, Richard. Don Quixote. With Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the Philadelphia Orchestra. Conducted by Eugene Ormandy. Recorded February 24, 1940. Biddulph LAB 042, 1991, compact disc.

Notes on style

A music recording can be cited in the notes and bibliography if you are using it as a source. For a general mention, just identify the work in your writing unless extra detail needs to be added in a note.
Album: Give principal contributor (performer or composer), album title (italics), any other major contributors, label, year and form. Any useful extra information (e.g., names of other major contributors) is added after the title.
Track from album: Give performer and title of the song (in quotation marks), songwriter (if different from performer), the recording date (if available), album title (italics), recording label information, year, and form.
Online: If accessed online, add URL.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Performance (recorded)

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text-citations

Paraphrasing

Private Lives is a great comedy set in the 1930s ...¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " "

"I think very few people are completely normal really, deep down in their private lives."⁵

Footnotes

Full note: Play

1. Private Lives, by Noel Coward, directed by Sam Strong, Melbourne Theatre Company, Southbank Theatre, Melbourne, January 30, 2014, DVD.

Full note: Musical theatre

2. Nice Work If You Can Get It, by Joe DiPietro, music by George and Ira Gershwin, directed by Annette Zol, Broadford Amateur Theatrical Society, Broadford Shire Hall, June 10, 2016, compact disc.

Full note: Concert

3. Glenda Harris (violin) and Kurt Hegelmann (piano), Helen MacPherson Theatre, Ballarat, April 21, 2014, compact disc.

Full note: Recorded performance

4. Jerry Seinfeld, I’m Telling You for the Last Time: Live on Broadway. Recorded Broadhurst Theatre, New York City, August 9, 1998 (Los Angeles: Universal, 1998), compact disc.

Subsequent notes

5. Private Lives.

6. Nice Work.

7. Harris and Hegelmann.

8. Seinfeld, I’m Telling You.

Bibliography

Template: Play or musical theatre

Title. By author name. Directed by name. Performance group. Venue, Recording date, Recording form.

Template: Concert

Musician names. Venue, Date recorded, recording form.

Template: Recorded performance

Performer name. Title. Recorded, Venue, Date of recording. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year, format.

Examples

Private Lives. By Noel Coward. Directed by Sam Strong. Melbourne Theatre Company. Southbank Theatre, Melbourne, January 30, 2014, DVD.

Nice Work If You Can Get It. By Joe DiPietro. Music by George and Ira Gershwin. Directed by Annette Zol. Broadford Amateur Theatrical Society. Shire Hall, Broadford, June 10, 2016, compact disc.

Harris, Glenda (violin), and Kurt Hegelmann (piano). Helen MacPherson Theatre, Ballarat, April 21, 2014, compact disc.

Seinfeld, Jerry. I’m Telling You for the Last Time: Live on Broadway. Recorded, Broadhurst Theatre, New York City, August 9, 1998. Los Angeles: Universal, 1998, compact disc.

Notes on style

Begin with the title (italics), or if the performance is untitled or is focused on individual performance, give the performer/s name at the beginning.
Add names of major contributors (writers, composers, directors, etc.), and performance group.
Give the venue and date of the performance, if these details are known.
If accessing a recording, treat according to the relevant category above and add the form of recording.
If accessed as physical recording, add format at the end. Note Chicago does not abbreviate compact disc to CD but Turabian does.
If accessing online add URL.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Live performances

Live performances are not normally included in the bibliography, as the reader cannot access them. You can either use a note or weave the identifying details into the text of your work. However, different units will have different requirements, so seek your teacher’s or lecturer’s advice on their preference for citing such sources.

Specify the name and location of the venue, and the date of the performance; include also as much additional information required to identify the performance.

Speech (recorded)

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

During his speech, Dr Martin Luther King stated with great passion ...⁴

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " "

"I have a dream!"⁴

Footnotes

Full note: Print transcript

1. Patrick Henry, “Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death” (speech, Richmond, Virginia, March 23, 1775), in The Penguin Book of Historic Speeches, ed. Brian MacArthur (London: Penguin, 1995), 88–90.

Full note: Online transcript

2. Paul Keating, “The Redfern Address” (speech, Redfern, December 10, 1992), transcript, http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/keating-speech-redfern-address/.

Full note: Online video

3. John F. Kennedy, “Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner),” speech, Berlin, June 26, 1963, video, https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkberliner.html

Full note: Online audio

4. Martin Luther King, Jr., “I Have a Dream,” speech, Washington, DC, August 28, 1963, MP3, http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/, 00:01:03.

Subsequent notes

5. Henry, “Give Me Liberty.”

6. Keating, “Redfern Address.”

7. Kennedy, “Ich bin ein Berliner.”

8. King, “I Have a Dream.”

Bibliography

Template

Speaker's name. "Title of speech." Speech, City, State/Country, Date. Format, duration, URL (if accessed online).

Example

Henry, Patrick. “Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death.” Speech, Richmond, Virginia, March 23, 1775. In The Penguin Book of Historic Speeches, edited by Brian MacArthur, 88–90. London: Penguin, 1995.

Keating, Paul. “The Redfern Address.” Speech, Redfern, December 10, 1992. Transcript. http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/keating-speech-redfern-address/extras/.

Kennedy, John F. “Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner).” Speech, Berlin, June 26, 1963. Video, 8:28. https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkberliner.html

King, Martin Luther, Jr. “I Have a Dream.” Speech, Washington, DC, August 28, 1963. MP3 audio. https://thekingcenter.org/what-we-do/king-library-and-archives/.

Notes on style

Begin the entry with the speaker. Give the title of the speech in quotation marks, and place and date of the speech.
If accessed in a print source, treat like a chapter in a book.
If accessed online, add file type, and URL.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Streaming video from a library database

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The central character in Ang Lee's film, Master Chef Chu is struggling to ...¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " "

"Tonight's fabulous menu will really please our diners!" ²

Footnote

Full note

1. Eat Drink Man Woman, directed by Ang Lee (Kew, Victoria: Umbrella Entertainment, 1994), https://www.kanopy.com/product/eat-drink-man-woman.

Subsequent notes

2. Eat Drink Man Woman.

Bibliography

Template

Name, director. Title. Year. Database name. Publisher, Year. URL.

Example

Lee, Ang, director. Eat Drink Man Woman. 1994. Kanopy. Umbrella Entertainment, 2016. www.kanopystreaming.com/product/eat-drink-man-woman.

Notes on style

Include year film was made after the title.
Include year published in database after publisher name.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Television series episode

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The Gilmore girls were feeling anxious when ...¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " "

"Lorelai, how is your anxiety today?"⁴

Footnotes

Full note: Broadcast

1. Gilmore Girls, season 3, episode 3, “Application Anxiety,” directed by Gail Mancuso, aired September 13, 2005, on WINTV.

Full note: Online

2. Foyle’s War, season 7, episode 1, “The Eternity Ring,” directed by Stuart Orme, on ABC, http://www.abc.net.au/iview/#/view/7968839.

Full note: DVD

3. Breaking Bad, season 5, episode 2, “Madrigal,” directed by Michelle MacLaren (Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, 2012), DVD, disc 1.

Subsequent notes

4. Gilmore Girls.

5. Foyle’s War.

6. Breaking Bad.

Bibliography

Template: Broadcast

Series title. Season #, episode #, "Episode title". Directed by name. Aired date, on name of television network.

Template: Online

Series title. Season #, episode #, "Episode title". Directed by name. URL.

Template: DVD

Series title. Season #, episode #, "Episode title". Directed by name. Production/Distribution Company, Year. Format, disc#.

Examples

Gilmore Girls. Season 3, episode 3, “Application Anxiety.” Directed by Gail Mancuso. Aired September 13, 2005, on WINTV.

Foyle’s War. Season 7, episode 1, “The Eternity Ring.” Directed by Stuart Orme. http://www.abc.net.au/iview/#/view/7968839.

Breaking Bad. Season 5, episode 2, “Madrigal.” Directed by Michelle MacLaren. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, 2012. DVD, disc 1.

Notes on style

Give program title (italics), season, and episode numbers (if known).
Give episode title (quotation marks) and role and name of principal contributor/s (e.g., director and/or writer).
If accessed via television broadcast, give date aired and broadcast station.
If accessed in recorded form, give production studio, year of production, and form.
If accessed online add URL.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Television or radio broadcast, live to air

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

When Tony Jones comments on the situation in ...¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " "

"Good evening and welcome to Lateline. My name is Tony Jones. Tonight we will be reporting on ...!"¹

Footnotes

Full note: Television broadcast

1. Lateline, Tony Jones, aired June 2, 2016, on ABC TV News 24.

Full note: Radio program

2. Late Night Live, Phillip Adams, aired July 14, 2016, on ABC Radio National.

Subsequent notes

3. Lateline, June 2, 2016.

4. Late Night Live, July 14, 2016.

Bibliography

Template

Program title. Presenter. Aired date, on name of television network.

Examples

Lateline. Tony Jones. Aired June 2, 2016, on ABC TV News 24.

Late Night Live. Phillip Adams. Aired July 14, 2016, on ABC Radio National.

Notes on style

Give program title (italics), name of presenter, date of broadcast, and broadcast station.
If accessed online (after broadcast) add URL.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Video game

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

For those of us into video games with adventure Minecraft will ...¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " "

Minecraft is "set in infinitely-generated worlds of wide open terrain - icy mountains, swampy bayous, vast pastures and much more - filled with secrets, wonders and peril!"³

Footnote

Full note

1. Minecraft, v. 1.10.2, (Mojang, 2016), online, https://minecraft.net/en/.

Subsequent notes

3. Minecraft.

Bibliography

Template

Developer. Title. Operating system. Version #. Publisher, Year. URL.

Example

Persson, Marcus. Minecraft. Download, v. 1.10.2. Mojang, 2016. https://minecraft.net/en/.

Notes on style

It is not necessary to give a note or bibliography entry for video games unless your paper is focused on this area. Otherwise, simply identify such works in the body of your writing.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859

YouTube video

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

This video shows a poor dog sleep walking during the night and ...¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"As you can see Bizkit has just started sleep walking ..."²

Footnote

Full note

1. MarinaHD2001, “Bizkit the Sleep Walking Dog,” YouTube video, 0:23, May 1, 2009, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2BH_CA.

Subsequent notes

2. Marina HD2001, “Bizkit.”

Bibliography

Template

Author. "Title." YouTube video. Posted date. URL.

Example

MarinaHD2001. “Bizkit the Sleep Walking Dog.” YouTube video. Posted May 1, 2009. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=z2BH_CA.

Notes on style

Video posts are normally cited in the notes only; however, if the video is important to your argument, a bibliography entry can be included (as above).
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Web document (pdf)

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to Regional Arts Victoria, the arts in regional Victoria ...¹

Direct quote

“Art and culture are crucial to the establishment and the maintenance of healthy strong communities.”³

Footnote

Full note

1. Regional Arts Victoria, “Annual Report 2018,” http://www.rav.net.au/assets/regional-arts-victoria-annual-report-2018-final-small22.pdf

Subsequent notes

3. Regional Arts Victoria, “Annual Report 2018,” 4.

Bibliography

Template

Author. "Title." Date. URL.

Example

Regional Arts Victoria. “Annual Report 2018.” http://www.rav.net.au/assets/regional-arts-victoria-annual-report-2018-final-small22.pdf

Notes on style

Give the author, title (quotation marks), and retrieval details of the document. Include publication date if one is shown.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Website post or page (general treatment)

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The ABC has recently introduced a new policy dealing with privacy issues that ...¹

Direct quote

"A new policy has just been implemented by the ABC to address the privacy concerns of ..."³

Footnote

Full note

1. “ABC Privacy Policy,” Australian Broadcasting Corporation, last modified March 12, 2014, http://about.abc.net.au/abc-privacy-policy/.

2. “Employment Conditions,” Country Fire Authority, last modified December 8, 2015, http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/volunteer-careers/employment-conditions/.

Subsequent notes

3. “ABC Privacy Policy.”

4. “Employment Conditions.”

Bibliography

Template

Author [if known]. "Title of the page." Date. URL.

Examples

Australian Broadcasting Corporation. “ABC Privacy Policy.” Last modified March 12, 2014. http://about.abc.net.au/abc-privacy-policy/.

Country Fire Authority. “Employment Conditions.” Last modified December 8, 2015. http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/volunteer-careers/employment-conditions/.

Notes on style

Give the title of page/post in quotation marks followed by the website name or publisher/sponsor.
If there is no title, give a short descriptive phrase (no quotation marks).
Give the date of the last modification or update and URL.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Website

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Donald Trump’s campaign website is illustrative of …¹

Direct quote

Donald trump's campaign motto is as follows: "Make America Great Again!"³

Footnote

Full note: Containing extra detail

1. Make America Great Again! (official 2016 campaign website of Donald Trump), https://www.donaldjtrump.com/.

Subsequent notes

3. Make America Great Again!

Bibliography

No bibliography entry required.

Notes on style

When referring to a website (as distinct from a specific document, page, or post on the site), identify the website (by name, sponsor/owner, or descriptive phrase) in your writing in place of a note.
The titles of websites with print counterparts (such as newspapers) are italicised; those without print counterparts are not italicised.
If extra identifying detail is likely to be helpful to your reader, either include this in a note as in the example above or weave it into your writing in place of the detailed note.
No bibliography entry is needed.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Book or journal article

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Figure 1 shows an illustration by Felix Darley which depicts....¹

Footnote

Full note

1. Washington Irvine, "Rip van Winkle," (New York: American Art Union, 1848): 31

Subsequent notes

3. Irvine, Rip van Winkle.

Caption

Fig. 1 Rip returns to his house 1848. (Washington Irvine, "Rip van Winkle," New York: American Art Union, (1848): 31

Notes on caption

Gallery

Give artist, title (italics), year, medium, dimensions, gallery name and city

Print source

Give print source information instead of gallery. Add page/plate number.

Online source

Add URL to details of the original.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

No period after the figure number.
Captions are numbered consecutively.
Other collection information such as “gift of . . . ,” accession number, etc.
When available, copyright or credit-line info regarding both the artwork and the photograph is supplied in brackets.
No period at the end of the caption.

Bibliography

No bibliography entry required.

Notes on style

Visual artworks are normally cited in either in the text only, or in notes if necessary; however, it is acceptable to include a bibliography entry for published sources containing reproductions. Check with your teacher or lecturer for their preference in this matter.
Print source: Give print source information in place of medium and gallery. Add page/plate number.
Images of performance art, architecture, photographs of etchings and other prints, etc. that are not themselves artwork, may not have all of the elements. For example, where works do not provide dimensions or medium, include such descriptors as: Location unknown, Private collection, Collection of the artist.

Web page

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Wright's painting entitled 'The Synnot Children' in figure 1 is painted with oils that are ...¹

Footnote

Full note

1. Joseph Wright, The Synnot Children, 1781, oil on canvas, 152.4 x 125.8 cm, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/4491/

Subsequent notes

3. Wright, The Synnot Children.

Caption

Fig. 1 The Synnot Children. (Joseph Wright, The Synnot Children, 1781, oil on canvas, 152.4 x 125.8 cm. National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/4491/

Notes on caption

Gallery

Give artist, title (italics), year, medium, dimensions, gallery name and city

Online source

Add URL to details of the original.
No period after the figure number.
Captions are numbered consecutively.
Other collection information such as “gift of . . . ,” accession number, etc. When available, copyright or credit-line info regarding both the artwork and the photograph is supplied in brackets.
No period at the end of the caption.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Bibliography

No bibliography entry required.

Notes on style

Visual artworks are normally cited in notes only but it is acceptable to include a bibliographic entry for published sources containing reproductions. Check with your teacher or lecturer for their preference in this matter.
Images of performance art, architecture, photographs of etchings and other prints, etc. that are not themselves artwork, may not have all of the elements. For example, where works do not provide dimensions or medium, include such descriptors as: Location unknown, Private collection, Collection of the artist.

Library database

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

See figure 1 for an example of a nebula ...¹

Footnote

Full note

1. NASA, ESA and J. Kastner, "NGC 6302: The Butterfly Nebula." (2020): Hubblesite, https://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hvi/uploads/image/display_image/4680/STScI-H-p2031b-d-1280x720.png

Subsequent notes

3. NASA, ESA and Kastner, "NGC 6302: The Butterfly Nebula".

Caption

Fig. 1 NASA, ESA and J. Kastner, "NGC 6302: The Butterfly Nebula." (2020): Hubblesite, https://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hvi/uploads/image/display_image/4680/STScI-H-p2031b-d-1280x720.png

Notes on caption

Add URL to details of the original.
No period after the figure number.
Captions are numbered consecutively.
Other collection information such as “gift of . . . ,” accession number, etc. When available, copyright or credit-line info regarding both the artwork and the photograph is supplied in brackets.
No period at the end of the caption.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Bibliography

No bibliography entry required.

Notes on style

Visual artworks are normally cited in notes only but it is acceptable to include a bibliography entry for published sources containing reproductions. Check with your teacher or lecturer for their preference in this matter.
Images of performance art, architecture, photographs of etchings and other prints, etc. that are not themselves artwork, may not have all of the elements. For example, where works do not provide dimensions or medium, include such descriptors as: Location unknown, Private collection, Collection of the artist.

Creative commons

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Oscar Schindler's grave seen in figure 3 is inscribed with ...¹

Footnote

Full note

1. Adam Jones, “Details of Grave of Oskar Schindler – Old City – Jerusalem – Israel – 02,” 2011. Photograph. Source: Flickr, posted 1 May, 2011, 2014, https://www.flickr.com/photos/adam_jones/5676126945.

Subsequent notes

2. Jones, “Details of Grave of Oskar Schindler”.

Caption

Fig.3 Adam Jones, Details of Grave of Oskar Schindler – Old City – Jerusalem – Israel – 02, 2011, photograph. Licensed under CC BY 2.0; Source: Flickr, posted 1 May, 2011, http://www.flickr.com/photos/adam_jones/5676126945

Notes on caption

Add URL to details of the original.
No period after the figure number.
Captions are numbered consecutively.
Other collection information such as “gift of . . . ,” accession number, etc. When available, copyright or credit-line info regarding both the artwork and the photograph is supplied in brackets.
No period at the end of the caption.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Bibliography

No bibliography entry required.

Notes on style

Visual artworks are normally cited in notes only but it is acceptable to include a bibliography entry for published sources containing reproductions. Check with your teacher or lecturer for their preference in this matter.
Images of performance art, architecture, photographs of etchings and other prints, etc. that are not themselves artwork, may not have all of the elements. For example, where works do not provide dimensions or medium, include such descriptors as: Location unknown, Private collection, Collection of the artist.

Map, chart, illustration, figure, table

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

In figure 2 the local council boundaries for Casey can be seen ...²

Footnotes

Full note: Print

1. Richard Sobel, ed., Public Opinion in US Foreign Policy: The Controversy over Contra Aid (Boston: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993), 87, table 5.3.

3. Samuel de Champlain, cartographer, Carte geographique de la Nouvelle Franse, 1612, 43 x 76 cm, in The History of Cartography, vol. 3, Cartography in the European Renaissance (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007) fig. 51.3.

Full note: Online

2. Victorian Electoral Commission, City of Casey: Local Council Boundaries, 2012, map, https://www.vec.vic.gov.au.images/profile/CaseySummary.gif

3. Victoria, Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection, accessed September 10, 2020, https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/australia_1916_victoria.jpg

Subsequent notes

4. Victorian Electoral Commission, City of Casey.

Subsequent notes: Same source but different map

3. Sobel, Public Opinion, 92, table 6.4.

Caption

Fig. 2 McCarron, Bird and Co., Victoria, 1916, map, https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/australia_1916_victoria.jpg

Notes on caption

Print source

Give print source information. Add page/plate number.

Online source

Add URL to details of the original.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

No period after the figure number.
Captions are numbered consecutively.
Other collection information such as “gift of . . . ,” accession number, etc.
When available, copyright or credit-line info regarding both the artwork and the photograph is supplied in brackets.
No period at the end of the caption.

Bibliography

Sobel, Richard, ed. Public Opinion in US Foreign Policy: The Controversy over Contra Aid. Boston: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993.

Example: Map

McCarron, Bird and Co. Victoria, 1916. Map. https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/australia_1916_victoria.jpg

Notes on style

Information about maps can usually be included in the text, rather than in a note or the bibliography. If a note or bibliography entry is required, include the cartographer (if known), the size and scale (if known), and the publication details or source.
If a map has no title, include a description (not italicised).
Print: If you have accessed the item in a published work (e.g., a book or journal), give an entry for the source containing the item, not the item itself, and add the item’s identifying label (e.g., table or figure number) after the page reference.
Online: If you have accessed the item online (e.g., from a website or web page) give the author, title (in quotation marks), and description (e.g., map, chart). Note that the description is given in parentheses in Turabian but not Chicago style. Give URL or DOI.
Images of performance art, architecture, photographs of etchings and other prints, etc. that are not themselves artwork, may not have all of the elements. For example, where works do not provide dimensions or medium, include such descriptors as: Location unknown, Private collection, Collection of the artist.

Visual artwork

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

John Brack's painting of 'The Fish Shop' shows ...¹

Footnote

Full note

1. John Brack, The Fish Shop, 1955, oil on composition board, 60.0 x 71.6 cm, Heide Museum of Modern Art, Melbourne.

Subsequent notes

3. Brack, The Fish Shop.

Bibliography

No bibliography entry required.

Notes on style

Visual artworks are normally cited in notes only but it is acceptable to include a bibliography entry for published sources containing reproductions. Check with your teacher or lecturer for their preference in this matter.
Viewed in a gallery or other venue: Give artist, title (italics), year, medium, dimensions (when required), place, and gallery name.
Images of performance art, architecture, photographs of etchings and other prints, etc. that are not themselves artwork, may not have all of the elements. For example, where works do not provide dimensions or medium, include such descriptors as: Location unknown, Private collection, Collection of the artist.

Blog post

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Melinda Chang's blog has many interesting insights about ...¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a paragraph number(s).

"During a recent discussion with a close friend I realised ..."³

Footnotes

Full note: Entire blog

1. Melinda Chang, Heart of Me (blog), http://heartofme.blogspot.com/2016/07/.

Full note: Blog post

2. Kevin Ferris, “Close Borders Now,” Half-Baked Times (blog), May 5, 2016, http://thehalfbakedtimes.blogs.com/2016/05/.

Subsequent notes

3. Chang, Heart of Me, para. 2.

4. Ferris, “Close Borders Now.”

Bibliography

Template: Whole blog

Author/ editor. Title (Form). URL.

Template: Blog post

Author. “Title of Post.” Title of Blog (Form). URL.

Examples

Chang, Melinda. Heart of Me (blog). http://heartofme.blogspot.com/2016/07/.

Ferris, Kevin. “Close Borders Now.” Half-Baked Times (blog). http://thehalfbakedtimes.blogs.com//2016/05/.

Notes on style: Blog

Give the author/ editor (if known) and the blog name (italics) followed by ‘blog’ in round brackets (unless already in blog name).
No date is necessary.
Give the URL.

Notes on style: Blog post

Give author, title of post (in quotation marks), blog name (italics) followed by ‘blog’ in round brackets.
Give the date of the post and the URL

Blogs and blog posts are normally cited in the notes only; however, if the source is cited frequently in your paper or if it is important to your argument, a bibliography entry can be included (as shown above).

Only include an access date when:

There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Facebook post

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

A recent post on Telstra's Facebook page was ...³

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a paragraph number.

"All men must dial. What a deal. Get in quick."⁶

Footnote

Full note

3. All Men Must Dial, June 27, 2016, post to Telstra’s Facebook page, https://www.facebook.com/Telstra/.

Subsequent notes

6. All Men Must Dial, Facebook post, para. 1.

Bibliography

No bibliography entries are required for online discussion or social media posts.

Notes on style

Include in notes only (or identify within your writing) – no bibliography entry is required.
Do not cite posts or comments protected by privacy settings.
Timestamps are usually not necessary unless trying to differentiate posts/comments from other people on the same day.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Forum comment

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Recent discussions have centred on Kevin Ferris' opinions regarding ...¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a paragraph number.

"According to Kevin Ferris our borders are ..."⁴

Footnote

Full note

1. Bazza34, May 6, 2016, comment on Kevin Ferris, “Close Borders Now,” The Half-Baked Times (forum), May 5, 2016, http://thehalfbakedtimes.blogs.com.au/2016/05/05/, para. 2.

Subsequent notes

4. Bazza34, comment on Ferris, “Close Borders Now.”

Bibliography

No bibliography entries are required for online discussion or social media posts.

Notes on style

Include in notes only (or identify within your writing) – no bibliography entry is required. May instead be incorporated into the text.
Do not cite posts or comments protected by privacy settings.
Omit email addresses
Posts on private forums or lists should be cited as personal communications (see relevant section)
Time stamps are usually not necessary unless trying to differentiate posts/comments from other people on the same day
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Conan O”Brien’s tweet was characteristically deadpan: “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets” (@ConanOBrien, April 22, 2015).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".

"I believe that recycling is good for the planet..."²

Footnote

Full note

2. Conan O’Brien (@ConanOBrien), “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets,” Twitter, April 22, 2015, 11:10 a.m., https://twitter.com/ConanOBriend/status/590940792967016448.

Subsequent notes

5. O’Brien, Twitter post.

Bibliography

No bibliography entries are required for online discussion or social media posts.

Notes on style

Include in notes only (or identify within your writing) – no bibliography entry is required.
Do not cite posts or comments protected by privacy settings.
Timestamps are usually not necessary unless trying to differentiate posts/comments from other people on the same day.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

YouTube video

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

This video shows a poor dog sleep walking during the night and ...¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"As you can see Bizkit has just started sleep walking ..."²

Footnote

Full note

1. MarinaHD2001, “Bizkit the Sleep Walking Dog,” YouTube video, 0:23, May 1, 2009, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2BH_CA.

Subsequent notes

2. Marina HD2001, “Bizkit.”

Bibliography

Template

Author. "Title." YouTube video. Posted date. URL.

Example

MarinaHD2001. “Bizkit the Sleep Walking Dog.” YouTube video. Posted May 1, 2009. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=z2BH_CA.

Notes on style

Video posts are normally cited in the notes only; however, if the video is important to your argument, a bibliography entry can be included (as above).
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Brochure, pamphlet, catalogue

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to the catalogue, the National Gallery of Victoria will hold this exhibition in honour of ...¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"This exhibition features the most prominent Australian impressionist who travelled to France during ..."³

Footnote

Full note: Exhibition catalogue (Print)

1. Elena Taylor, Australian Impressionists in France (Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 2013), 24, exhibition catalogue.

Full note: Brochure (Online)

2. Parks Victoria, Fire Ecology in the Grampians (Melbourne: Parks Victoria, 2004), http://www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/.

Subsequent notes

3. Taylor, Australian Impressionists, 12.

4. Parks Victoria, Fire Ecology.

Bibliography

Template

Author. Title. City, State/Country, Year. Form. URL.

Examples

Parks Victoria. Fire Ecology in the Grampians. Melbourne: Parks Victoria, 2004. http://www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/.

Taylor, Elena. Australian Impressionists in France. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 2013. Exhibition catalogue.

Notes on style

Treat as for a book.
Online: If accessed online, add URL or DOI.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.
Print: Note the form, for example, brochure, exhibition catalogue, pamphlet, etc.

Conference paper presented

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The importance of Fellini's films are ...¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"Fellini's films often depict characters that ..."³

Footnote

Full note

1. Barry Q. Wenzel, “Films of Fellini” (paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Cinema Studies, Ballarat, VIC, Australia, June 4, 1998).

Subsequent notes

3. Wenzel, “Films of Fellini,” 3.

Bibliography

Template

Presenter. “Title." Paper presented at Meeting/Conference name, City, State/Country, date.

Example

Wenzel, Barry Q. “Films of Fellini.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Cinema Studies, Ballarat, VIC, Australia, June 4, 1998.

Notes on style

If the paper is presented only, give the presenter’s name, title (quotation marks), name of the meeting, location, and date.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Conference paper published in proceedings

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Self-management of metacognitive behaviour is now possible with the help of technology.²

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"The use of programming tasks have proven to be ..."⁴

Footnote

Full note

2. Angela Carbone et al., “Designing Programming Tasks to Elicit Self-Management Metacognitive Behaviour,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers in Education, 2002, ed. B. Werner (Washington, DC: IEEE, 2002), 533, doi:10.1109/CIE.2002.1185998.

Subsequent notes

4. Carbone et al., “Designing Programming Tasks,” 534.

Bibliography

Template

Author. "Title of paper." In Proceeding of the title, edited by name, page range, City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. DOI/URL.

Example

Carbone, Angela, Ian Mitchell, Dick Gunstone, and John Hurst. “Designing Programming Tasks to Elicit Self-Management Metacognitive Behaviour.” In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers in Education, edited by B. Werner, 533-34. Washington, DC: IEEE, 2002. doi:10.1109/CIE.2002.1185998.

Notes on style

If the paper is part of published conference proceedings, treat like a chapter from an edited collection.
If accessed online add URL or DOI.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Course materials

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

**Seek advice from your teacher or lecturer before citing lecture/class material as sources.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Keith Barrett's lecture on cell structure ...¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".

"Remember that the cell structure in amphibians differs from ..."⁴

Footnotes

Full note: Online document/file

1. Keith Barrett, “Cell Structure” (topic notes, Biology 112 tutorials, Barrett Education, June 19, 2010), http://www.barrett.edu/openaccess/courses/lectureNotes.

Full note: Online lecture

2. Rebecca Claskich, “BOT234: Week 1 Video Lecture,” posted June 2, 2015, http://www.hewsoncollege.com/watch?v=-v6LKvGQIL7.

Full note: Print handout

3. Lee Huang, “The Cost of Retribution” (class handout, Ethics 123, Central University, Townsville, March 5, 2012).

Subsequent notes

4. Barrett, “Cell Structure.”

5. Claskich, “BOT234 Lecture.”

6. Huang, “Cost of Retribution.”

Bibliography

Template

Author. "Title." Form, Publisher or Institution, Date. URL

Example

Barrett, Keith. “Cell Structure.” Topic notes prepared for Biology 112 tutorials, Barrett Education, June 19, 2010. http://www.barrett.edu/openaccess/courses/lectureNotes.

Claskich, Rebecca. “BOT234: Week 1 Video Lecture.” Posted June 2, 2015. http://www.hewsoncollege.com/watch?v=-v6LKvGQIL7.

Notes on style

Online lecturers and presentations: These are recoverable so can be cited as sources but only if permitted by your teacher or lecturer. Treat according to type (e.g., video post, website document, etc.).
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.
Live classes, lectures or presentations: These are not recoverable. If permitted for use as a source, treat as personal communications (see Other resources: Personal communication).
Print class materials or handouts: These are not recoverable if available only to participating students. If permitted for use as a source, treat as for Huang example, above.

Encyclopaedia entry

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The Smashing Pumpkins recent tour of the United States ...²

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"Constructivism can be defined as ..."¹

Footnote

Full note: Print

1. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.v. “constructivism,” 12.

Full note: Online

2. Grove Music Online, s.v. “Smashing Pumpkins,” by Rob Jovanovic, accessed March 29, 2020, https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/search?q=smashing+pumpkins&searchBtn=Search&isQuickSearch=true .

Full note: Authored entry (Essay or chapter)

3. Chris McConville, “Melbourne Crime: From War to Depression, 1919-1929,” in Australian Dictionary of Biography (Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 2013), accessed April 2, 2019, http://adb.anu.edu.au/essay/6/text28416.

Subsequent notes

4. Encyclopaedia Britannica, “constructivism.”

5. Grove Music Online, “Smashing Pumpkins."

6. McConville, “Melbourne Crime.”

Bibliography

Template

Author. "Entry Title". In Encyclopedia Title. City, Publisher, Date. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.

Example

Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed. (1980)

McConville, Chris. “Melbourne Crime: From War to Depression, 1919-1929.” In Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 2013. Accessed April 2, 2019. http://adb.anu.edu.au/essay/6/text28416.

Notes on style

**Ask your teacher or lecturer for guidelines on using Wikipedia as a reference source.

Well-known reference works are normally cited in the notes only; ask your teacher or lecturer for advice before including in your bibliography. (Bibliography entries have been given above as examples if needed).
If an item has a named author and is lengthy and substantial (see McConville example above), treat like a chapter in an edited book and include in the bibliography.
The titles of reference works with print counterparts are italicised; those without print counterparts are not italicised.
Place, publisher and year can be omitted from well-known reference works but edition number (if not the first) should be included.
Specialised or less well-known reference works should be included in the bibliography with their full publications details.
If the reference work is alphabetically arranged, precede the entry by ‘s.v.’ or ‘s.vv.’ (abbreviation for ‘sub verbo’, which is Latin for under the word/words). If entries are non-alphabetical, give the page number.
If accessed online, add the URL or DOI. If downloaded to an e-reader add format.
- Access dates are required for resources that are continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc. if there is no publication or revision date.
- Timestamps may also be included for very frequently updated reference sources such as Wikipedia.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Interview transcript or recording

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Neil Armstrong fondly remembers ...¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"When we finally landed on the moon ..."³

Footnote

Full note: Transcript

1. Neil A. Armstrong, interview by S. E. Ambrose, September 19, 2001, transcript, Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, NASA, http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/62281main_armstrong_oralhistory.pdf/.

Full note: Recording

2. David Astle, interview by Jane Hutcheon, One Plus One, November 28, 2018, on ABCTV News 24, https://iview.abc.net.au/show/one-plus-one#.

Subsequent notes

3. Armstrong, interview by Ambrose, 3.

4. Astle, interview by Hutcheon.

Bibliography

Template: Audio interview

Name. Interviewed by name. Date. Transcript. Place interviewed. URL.

Template: Television interview

Name. Interviewed by name. “Name of Television Program.” Date. Transcript. Place interviewed. URL.

Examples

Armstrong, Neil A. Interview by S. E. Ambrose. September 19, 2001. Transcript. Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/62281main_armstrong_oralhistory.pdf/.

Brett, Lily. Interview by Jane Hutcheon. One Plus One. July 28, 2016. ABC TV News 24. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-28/one-plus-one:-lily-brett/7670520.

The treatment above applies to transcripts of recorded interviews. Private or informal interviews should be treated as personal communication.

Notes on style

Give the interviewee’s name at the beginning of the entry followed by the name of the interviewer.
Add other details relevant to the format you consulted. If accessed online, add URL or DOI.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Media release

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Recent industrial action has disrupted ...¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a paragraph number(s) in the note.

"We apologise for the interruption to international flights due to recent industrial action … "³

Footnote

Full note

1. Qantas, “Response to Industrial Action,” media release, October 29, 2011, http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/media-releases/oct-2011/5218/.

Subsequent notes

3. Qantas, “Response to Industrial Action,” para. 1.

Bibliography

Template

Author. "Title." Media release. Date. URL.

Example

Qantas. “Response to Industrial Action.” Media release. October 29, 2011. https://www.qantas.com/au/en/about-us/news-room/news-room-archives.html?archive=oct-2011/5218.

Notes on style

Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Music score

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

Treat the music score or sheet music as an image from a book.

In-text citations

Figure 1 shows the first three bars of “Pretude No. 12” by Fournier…¹

Label the image as a figure:

Fig. 1 Guillaume Fournier, “Prétude No. 12,” in 24 Pre-etudes d'après/after Chopin: Partition Pour Piano/Piano Score, United Kingdom: Lulu.com, 2013, 40.

Footnote

Full note

1. Guillaume Fournier, “Prétude No. 12,” in 24 Pré-études d'apres/after Chopin: Partition pour Piano/Piano Score (United Kingdom: Lulu.com, 2013), 40.

Subsequent notes

3. Fournier, “Prétude No. 12,” 45.

Bibliography

Template

Composer. Title of Score. Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Year of Publication.

Example

Fournier, Guillaume. Pré-études d'apres /after Chopin: Partition pour Piano/Piano Score, United Kingdom: Lulu.com, 2013.

Notes on style

Published musical scores are treated like books.
Unpublished scores are treated like unpublished works in manuscript collections.
Any useful extra information (e.g., name of transcriber or arranger) can be added after the title.
If accessed online, treat as above and add URL or DOI.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Personal communication

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Regional art has been great for the community because ...²

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a paragraph number(s) in the note.

"Local artists have renewed this town's appeal to visitors as evidenced by a recent exhibition during the holiday period".⁴

Footnote

Full note

1. Elizabeth Jensen, email message to author, June 7, 2008.

2. Interview with a regional arts administrator, July 1, 2016 (interviewee’s name withheld by mutual agreement).

Subsequent notes

3. Jensen, email to author.

4. Interview with regional arts administrator, para 2.

Bibliography

No bibliography entry is required for personal communications.

Notes on style

Personal communications such as letters, emails, conversations, personal interviews, or posts and comments on sites protected by privacy settings may be cited in the notes but are not included in the bibliography.

Identify the communicator (seek their approval) and give the date of the communication.
If the communicator wishes to be anonymous, use a generic description, and add a phrase that explains the absence of a name (see note 2 above). If your paper has multiple instances of anonymous interviewees, add a general explanation to the first interview note; e.g., ‘All interviews cited in this paper were confidential and names have been withheld by mutual agreement.’

Play or film script

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

In the first act the tension steadily builds as the characters ...¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and include the number of the act or scene in the note.

"I can't take it anymore, I'm leaving you!"³

Footnote

Full note: Published (Play)

1. Joanna Murray-Smith, Honour (Sydney: Currency Press, 1997), act 1.

Full note: Unpublished

2. Gleeson, Miranda, “Daylight Shines Darkly” (film script, final draft, March 8, 2015), scene 15, http://www.scriptheaven.com.au/.

Subsequent notes

3. Murray-Smith, Honour, act 1.

4. Gleeson, “Daylight,” scenes 53–55.

Bibliography

Template

Author. Title. City: Publisher, Date.

Example

Gleeson, Miranda. “Daylight Shines Darkly.” Film script, final draft, March 8, 2015. http://www.scriptheaven.com.au/.

Murray-Smith, Joanna. Honour. Sydney: Currency Press, 1997.

Notes on style

If published, treat as a book.
If unpublished, give the title in quotation marks (not italics), and add a description and any other identifying information and date as shown on the title page.
In the notes, give act (and scene and line numbers if relevant) when quoting or referring to specific passages.
If accessed online add URL/DOI.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Report, government or corporate

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The mental health of the homeless people in our community ...²

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"Homeless people in Australia are often grappling with mental health issues that go untreated".⁴

Footnote

Full note: Print

1. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], Australia’s Health 2004, AIHW cat. no. AUS 44 (Canberra: AIHW, 2004), 25.

Full note: Online

2. Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], Mental Health and Experiences of Homelessness, Australia, 2014, cat. no. 4329.0.00.005 (Canberra: ABS, 2014), 5, http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/.

Subsequent notes

3. AIHW, Australia’s Health 2004, 22.

4. ABS, Mental Health, 8.

Bibliography

Template

Author. Title. Series Name/Number. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. DOI/URL.

Example

Mental Health and Experiences of Homelessness, Australia, 2014. Cat. no. 4329.0.00.005. Canberra: ABS, 2014. http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/.

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia’s Health 2004. AIHW Cat. No. AUS 44. Canberra: AIHW, 2004.

Notes on style

If the author’s name is long, use accepted abbreviation for subsequent citations (add to full form in square brackets in the first note). Give the title of the report in italics. Add any series name or number (no italics) after the title.
Add URL or DOI if accessed online.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Review

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

For those interested in classical music a must see performance is scheduled for ...³

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) if print item in the note.

"Timothy Fain and Steven Beck were well received by the audience tonight in New York and graciously responded to many calls for an encore."⁷

Footnote

Full note: Film review

1. Jim Schembri, review of Australia, directed by Baz Luhrmann, Age (Melbourne), November 10, 2008.

Full note: Theatre review

2. Alison Croggon, review of Private Lives, by Noel Coward, Melbourne Theatre Company, Southbank Theatre, Melbourne, Guardian Australia, January 31, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/culture/australia-culture-blog/.

Full note: Concert review

3. Allan Kozinn, review of concert performance by Timothy Fain (violin) and Steven Beck (piano), 92nd Street Y, New York, April 20, 2000, New York Times, April 21, 2000, Weekend section.

Full note: Exhibition review

4. Denise Taylor, review of Degas: A New Vision, National Gallery of Victoria, June 2016, http://www.denisemtaylor.com.au/2016/07/review-degas-a-new-vision/.

Subsequent notes

5. Schembri, review of Australia.

6. Croggon, review of Private Lives.

7. Kozinn, review of Fain and Beck, p. 5.

8. Taylor, review of Degas.

Bibliography

Template

Review author. Review of Work Title, by Work Author, Performing Company, Performance Date. Newspaper, Month Day, Year. URL

Example

Croggon, Alison. Review of Private Lives, by Noel Coward, Melbourne Theatre Company, January 30, 2014. Guardian Australia, January 31, 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/culture/australia-culture-blog/.

Kozinn, Allan. Review of concert performance by Timothy Fain (violin) and Steven Beck (piano), 92nd Street Y, New York. New York Times, April 21, 2000, Weekend section.

Schembri, Jim. Review of Australia, directed by Baz Luhrmann. Age (Melbourne), November 10, 2008.

Taylor, Denise. Review of Degas: A New Vision, National Gallery of Victoria,
June 2016. http://www.denisemtaylor.com.au/2016/07/review-degas-a-new-vision/.

Notes on style

Give reviewer, the words ‘review of’ followed by the work being reviewed and its major contributors (e.g., author, director, performance company).
For reviews of performances, exhibitions, etc., give the venue and date of work being reviewed.
Format the remaining parts according to the publication type (e.g., newspaper article, online post, etc.).
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Software or App

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

It is also possible to push this information via bluetooth technology to a compatible device.²

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".

"This software is compatible with ..."⁵

Footnote

Full note

1. Dolphin v 4.0.2, (Dolphin Emulator Project, 2013), computer software.

2. Weather Flow (version 1.5.0), (Microsoft, 2013), mobile phone application.

3. Minecraft by Marcus Persson, v 1.10.2, (Mojang, 2016), video game.

Subsequent notes

4. Dolphin.

5. Weather Flow.

6. Minecraft.

Bibliography

It is not necessary to give a note or bibliography entry for software unless your paper is focused on this area. Otherwise, simply identify such works in the body of your writing.

Template

Developer. Title. Operating system. Version #. Publisher/Company, Year. URL.

Example

Dolphin,v 4.0.2. Computer software. Dolphin Emulator Project, 2013. https://dolphin-emu.org/.

Persson, Marcus. Minecraft. Download, v. 1.10.2. Mojang, 2016. https://minecraft.net/en/.

Weather Flow, v 1.5.0. Mobile phone application. Microsoft, 2013. http://www.windowsphone.com/en-au/store/.

Notes on style

Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.
For referencing artificial intelligence tools, please see the FedCite page Artificial intelligence tools

Standards, Australian

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to Standards Australia heat packs can now be filled with ...¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"derived from plant matter, typically the dried ..."³

Footnote

Full note

1. Microwaveable Heat Packs – Wheat and Other Organic Filling Materials, AS/NZS 5116:2016 (Sydney: Standards Australia, 2016).

Subsequent notes

3. Microwaveable Heat Packs, Standards Australia, 6.

Bibliography

Template

Author. Title. Standard numbers. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year.

Example

Standards Australia. Microwaveable Heat Packs – Wheat and Other Organic Filling Materials. AS/NZS 5116:2016. Sydney: Standards Australia, 2016.

Notes on style

In the bibliography, list the standard under the name of the organization, even if this is also the name of the publisher.
Include a URL for standards consulted online.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Thesis

Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16^th or Chicago Note 17^th as there a number of changes in the 17^th edition.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Research has shown that dysfunctional drivers are often ..."¹

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.

"Dysfunctional driver behaviour is connected to ..."³

Footnote

Full note: Print

1. John Maxwell Reid, “A Cognitive Study of Dysfunctional Driving Behaviours” (PhD diss, University of Melbourne, 1998), 34.

Full note: Online

2. Carol Tocknell, “Student Acquisition of Social Skills through Teacher Modelling” (PhD diss, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, 2015), 13, http://researchonline.federation.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/75649.

7. Derek Bendall, “Integrated project-based curriculum: A case study in a Victorian School” (master’s thesis, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, 2015), 12, http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/99190.

Subsequent notes

3. Reid, “Cognitive Study,” 43.

4. Tocknell, “Student Acquisition,” 25–27.

Bibliography

Template

Author. "Title." Form, Qualification, University name, Location, Year. DOI/URL.

Example

Derek Bendall, “Integrated project-based curriculum: A case study in a Victorian School.” Master’s thesis, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, 2015. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/99190.

Reid, John Maxwell. “A Cognitive Study of Dysfunctional Driving Behaviours.” PhD diss, University of Melbourne, 1998.

Tocknell, Carol. “Student Acquisition of Social Skills through Teacher Modelling.” PhD diss, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, 2015. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/75649.

Hobson, C. M. “Tracheal tissue engineering.” PhD diss, University of Pittsburgh, 2014. ProQuest (AAT 10298780).

Notes on style

Give the author and title (in quotation marks).
Give the description and name and location of the institution. Omit location if part of institution name.
If accessed online add URL/DOI or database name.
If retrieved from a database, add any identification number assigned by the database.
Only include an access date when:
- There is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date; or
- The resource is continually updated, for example, online encyclopaedias, and dictionaries such as Grove Music Online, Meriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
- See Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed.: rule 14.12, p. 748, 14.207 pp. 845-846, and 14.233 pp. 858-859.

Artificial intelligence tools

How do you cite and reference AI content?

To reference the content output of generative AI tools such as ChatGPT, the Chicago Manual of Style Online recommends the following format.

As content created by tools such as ChatGPT is not usually accessible or retrievable by others, it is treated as a personal communication.

This guidance is taken from the Chicago Manual of Style Online Style Q&A page Citation, Documentation of Sources.

In-text citation or note

Paraphrasing

When prompted to “Discuss the role of First Nations mythology in magical realist novels, using examples from the works of three authors,” ChatGPT made reference to... ¹

Direct quotes

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a paragraph number(s) in the note.

"Erdrich weaves elements of Ojibwe spirituality and mythology into the lives of her characters." ²

Footnotes

Full note

If you have included the prompt in your text;

Template

Number. Text generated by Creator, Publisher, Month Day, Year generated, URL (optional).

Example

1. Text generated by ChatGPT, OpenAI, February 23, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/chat.

If you have not included the prompt in your text:

Template

Number. Creator, response to “Prompt,” Publisher, Month Day, Year generated, URL (optional).

Example

2. ChatGPT, response to “Discuss the role of First Nations mythology in magical realist novels, using examples from the works of three authors,” OpenAI, February 23, 2023.

Subsequent note

2. ChatGPT, response to “Discuss role of First Nations mythology,” para 3.

Bibliography

Do not cite ChatGPT in the bibliography unless there is a publicly available link to the created content.

Notes on style

The creator of the content.is the AI tool (eg ChatGPT)
The publisher is the organization that created the software (eg OpenAI).
The URL is not an essential element of the citation because it cannot be used by others to access the same content.

Introduction

Important: This is a guide only. To avoid losing marks:

Confirm the referencing requirements of your school with your lecturer, and use the MLA Handbook. 9th ed. to clarify referencing rules or if you need more examples. This guide is based on this publication.

MLA is an in text citation style. This means you insert a brief reference (‘citation’) into your writing whenever you use a source. The in text citation is made up of the author of the source and any page reference enclosed in round brackets.

For each source identified in the text, you also need to create a corresponding entry in the Works Cited list. The Works Cited list is an alphabetical presentation of all the sources used in a piece of writing.

Each entry in the Works Cited list should contain enough identifying detail to allow your reader to locate the source if they wished.

Additional resources

Federation University Study Skills referencing website

Ask the MLA

MLA Style Center

MLA Purdue

Creating in-text citations

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words. When paraphrasing, use parentheses to add the author(s) family name and page number(s), or use the author(s) given and family name as part of your sentence, followed by the page number(s).

Note: when paraphrasing, the citation details can be used at the beginning, middle or end of the sentence.

Citation at the beginning

Maria Hillsdon states that … (105).

Citation in the middle

Econometrics analysis according to Maria Hillsdon provides a basis for … (1).

Citation at the end

Econometrics can be used to analyse … (Hillsdon 150).

Basic treatment for in-text citations

You need to insert a brief reference (the author’s given name) into your writing whenever you use a source. A page reference is added when you are referring to a specific part of the source.

Author

Author and page

. . . which is confirmed by the most recent study (Jenkins 22).

Author in sentence

. . . the study by Jenkins (22) confirmed these results.

Author needing initial

If two or more authors have the same family name, add the given name initial to distinguish between them.

. . . seemingly different from Twain’s later work (M. Grech 45–54).

If the author's name is part of the sentence, add the entire given name.

. . . Twain's later work was explored by Matthew Grech (45-54).

Enclose author’s given name in round brackets.
Add page reference if quoting from or referring to a specific part of the source.
Insert before punctuation mark ending sentence (or part of sentence) where you used source.
If author is already in sentence, give page reference alone in round brackets.
Add given name or initial/s to family name if you have sources by authors with the same family name.

More than one author

Two authors

(Hendricks and Angwin 34)

. . . Hendricks and Angwin (34) . . .

Name both authors and join by ‘and’.

Three or more authors

(Donat et al. 68)

. . . Donat et al. (68) . . .

Name the first author followed by ‘et al.’ (a Latin abbreviation meaning ‘and others’).

Group author (government or organisation)

(World Health Org. 57)

. . . World Health Organization (57) . . .

Give the name of the group in all mentions.
Use common abbreviations (e.g., ‘Org.’, ‘Assn.’, ‘Dept.’, ‘Soc.’) if name is in parentheses.

Same author, different sources

(Winton, Riders 34) . . . (Winton, Breath 56)

(Smith, "Fantasy" 65) . . . (Smith, "Science Fiction" 1)

Add the first words or the short form of the title to the author after a comma.
Italicise whole works; enclose parts of works in quotation marks.

No author

Whole work

(Reading Rates 16)

. . . Reading Rates (16) . . .

Part of work

(“Last Gasp” 89) . . .

“Last Gasp” (89) . . .

If the source has no author, give the first two to three words of the title.
Use italics for whole works, and quotation marks around parts of works.
Use initial capital letters for all major words.

Multiple sources, same citation

. . . along with other studies (Keen 14; Lee 109; Wojk, 123–45).

List each source alphabetically by author and separate by semicolons.

Page numbers

Basic treatment

. . . (Johnson 6)

Kennett (55–63) . . .

Add page or other location/ label references when referring to a specific part of source.
Enclose in round brackets (with or without author depending on if author is in sentence).
No comma between author and page reference.
Do not use ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’ in front of pages.

Quotations

It was described as “a stunning victory” (Harrison 15).

Harrison described it as “a stunning victory” (15).

Add the page reference after the closing quotation mark.
If author is already in the sentence, give page reference alone.
For block quotations, i.e., set apart from the text with no quotation marks, add page reference after closing punctuation mark.

No page numbers

(Duer par. 12)

. . . Jansz (sec. 12) . . .

If no page numbers are shown on the source, give paragraph, location or section number/s.
Use the abbreviations ‘par.’, ‘sec.’, or ‘loc.’ before the numbers.

Creating Works Cited entries

Each source that is referred to in the text needs a corresponding entry in the Works Cited list. The entry should contain enough identifying information about the source to allow it to be located by someone else. The information is presented as parts in a set order to help the reader identify at a glance which piece of information relates to which part.

A basic MLA Works Cited entry is made up of the following parts:

Author + Title + Publisher information + Year

All the details you need for each part will be found on the source itself. Instructions and examples of how to format each part are given over the page.

Author

This identifies the creator or principal contributor of the source.
It could be a person or it could be a group (organisation or government).
Some sources may have more than one author.

Title

This is the full title of the source in the words and spelling of the source.
If your source is part of a larger work (e.g., article from a journal; chapter from a book; post or page from a website), you need to include the title of the part and the title of the larger work.

Publisher information

Include the information for the form you used.
For sources published only online, give the publisher/sponsor of the website. Place of publication is not needed.
This information can usually be found with the copyright information.

Place of publication

For books, except in special situations (51), the city of publication should only be used if the book was published before 1900, if the publisher has offices in more than one country, or if the publisher is unknown outside North America.

Publisher names

Publishers’ names are now given in full, except that business words like Company (Co.) are dropped and, for academic presses, the abbreviations U, P, and UP are still used (97).
A forward slash (/) now separates the names of co-publishers (108).
The kinds of publications that don’t require a publisher’s name are defined (42).
When an organisation is both author and publisher of a work, the organisation’s name is now given only once, usually as the publisher (25). No author is stated.

Publication year/date

This identifies the year or specific date the source was made available in the version you accessed. Use the copyright year/date if this is shown.
For online sources, use the year or specific date the content was created (for a page or document) or the date of posting (for a post).

Below are instructions for formatting the parts of a Works Cited entry. Note that every part ends with a full stop, and there is a space after each punctuation mark.

Author

One author

Winton, Tim. Dirt Music. Picador, 2001.

Give the author’s family name plus the given name/s or initials as shown on the source.

Two authors

Hall, Jane. L., and Brian. T. Ashton. A Spoonful of Valour . . .

Name both authors. Give first author with family name first; other authors with given name first.
Separate by commas, join last author by ‘and’.

Three or more authors

Donat, Tao, et al. “Cardiovascular Health of European . . .

Name first author followed by ‘et al.’ (a Latin abbreviation for ‘et alia’, Latin for ‘and others’.

Group author (Government or organisation)

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Rural Health . . .

Victoria. Dept. of Treasury and Finance. Output Specification . . .

Give name of group.
Give government name in front of agency name (where applicable).
Use common abbreviations (e.g., ‘Dept.’).

Title

Basic

Harris, Miles. The Mighty Yarra: Rivers of Victoria. . . .

Taber, Nancy. “Detectives and Bail Bonds ‘Persons’ as Fairy Tale Heroines: A Feminist Antimilitarist Analysis of Grimm and Once Upon a Time.” Gender Forum, no. 44, 2013, www.genderforum.org/index.php?id=731.

Give the title in italics in the wording and spelling shown on the source.
Separate title and subtitle by a colon.
Use headline capitalisation, i.e., give initial capitals to the first, last and principal words of the title and the subtitle.
If source is part of a larger work, give title of part in quotation marks before title of larger work.

No title

Jensen, Paul. R. Wartime Navy Reminiscences. Liberty Press . . .

Give a brief descriptive title in your own words. No italics or quotation marks.

Publisher information

Gourley, Dianne. Action Man. Bellinger, 2002.

For books, except in special situations (51), the city of publication should only be used if the book was published before 1900, if the publisher has offices in more than one country, or if the publisher is unknown outside North America.

Taber, Nancy. “Detectives and Bail Bonds ‘Persons’ as Fairy Tale Hero/ines: A Feminist Antimilitarist Analysis of Grimm and Once Upon a Time.” Gender Forum, no. 44, 2013, www.genderforum.org/index.php?id=731.

If a source is published only online, give name of publisher/sponsor after the website name.

Year

Basic

Winton, Tim. Dirt Music. Picador, 2001.

Normoyle, C. “Nurses’ Wellbeing.” Australian Nursing Journal, vol. 20, no. 10, 2013, pp. 30–33.

Greendale, Nilma. “Road Toll Rising.” Age [Melbourne] 4 May 2006. p. 13.

Add year after publisher details for books, or in round brackets after issue details for journals.
Add month (abbreviate if long) and day for sources with specific publication dates.

No year/date

Gardiner, Ian T. Life in Rural Australia. Phoenix, n.d.

Use ‘n.d.’ (stands for ‘no date’) if no year/date can be found on the source.

How to present an MLA Works Cited list

How to set up the list

Begin the list on a new page at the end of your work.

Give the list the centred heading ‘Works Cited’.
Use double line-spacing and a hanging indent (approx. 0.75 cm or 4-5 spaces).

What to include

Give an entry for every recoverable source you have cited in the text.

Don’t add entries for material you have not used, however relevant.

How to arrange the entries

List entries alphabetically by author.
List entries with no author by title. (Ignore ‘A’ or ‘An’ or ‘The’ as first words.)
If you have more than one entry with same author, list alphabetically by title.
Use a long dash (or three hyphens) to stand for repeating author’s name.
Where multiple entries have the same author or first-listed co-author, single-author entries precede two--author entries, which in turn precede entries with three or more authors (e.g. works by Jones are listed first, followed by works by Jones and Harris followed by works by Jones et al.)

Example of an MLA works cited list

Works cited

Anderson, Tania D. Panel Data: A Primer. Paragon, 1985.

Barnes, Robert J. Economic Analysis: An Introduction. Butterworths, 1971.

Friend, Erwin, and Larry H. P. Lang. “An Empirical Test of the Impact of Managerial Self-Interest on Corporate Capital Structure.” Journal of Finance, vol. 43, no. 2, 1988, pp. 271-281.

Chen, Jean.J. “Determinants of Capital Structure of Swedish Companies.” Journal of Business Research, vol. 57, no. 12, 2004, pp. 1341-1351. doi: 10.1016/S0148-2963(03)00070-5

Computational Methods. Lansdowne, 2004.

Dorgan, Delia. Future Funds. Penguin, 1972.

Friedman, B. M. Corporate Capital Structure in the United States. U of Chicago P, 1985.

Hamilton, Margaret. “Postdramatic Theatre and Australia: A 'New' Theatre Discourse.” Australasian Drama Studies, no. 52, 2008, pp. 3–23. Informit, search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=791708669318288;res=IELAPA

Hillsdon, Maria. Basic Econometrics. 4th ed. Hill, 2004.

Kjellman, Anders, and Staffan Hansen. “Determinants of Capital Structure: Theory vs Practice.” Scandinavian Journal of Management, vol. 11, no. 2, 1995, pp. 91-102, doi: 10.1016/0956-5221(95)00004-F.

Keen, Rex P. Strategy, Structure and Economic Performance. Harvard University Press, 2004.

Lee, Bung L. Credit Risk and High Yield Bonds. Wiley, 1982.

Oakes, Jeffrey D., et al. “Structural Factors in Economic Reforms in Sweden.” Economic Policy, vol. 9, no. 18, 1994. pp. 101-145.

Statistical Analysis Primer. Lansdowne, 2002.

Indirect citations

An indirect citation is where you refer to a source that you haven't read but which is cited in another, more recent source that you have read (known as the indirect source).

You should avoid indirect citations wherever possible; only use them when you are unable to find and read the original (primary) source. You should also only use an indirect citation if you are using a direct quotation.

Reading the original source is good scholarly practice; it gives you the full context without any reinterpretations.
The Works Cited list in the indirect source may help you to identify the original source so that you can find it and read ut. Ask a librarian if you need help with this.

In-text citations

Hilferty describes the nature of teacher professionalism as "an evolving idea that responds to political, social & historical contexts" (qtd. in Meldrum and Peters 109).

Include the abbreviation 'qtd. in' at the start of the in-text citation. This makes it clear that you have used an indirect source.
When quoting directly, include the page number indicating where the quotation appears in the indirect source.Works Cited

Works Cited

Meldrum, Kathryn, and Jacqui Peters. Learning to Teach Health and Physical Education: The Student, the Teacher and the Curriculum. Pearson Australia, 2012.

Include only the indirect source in your Works Cited list.
Do not include the original source, as your Works Cited list should only include works you have read yourself.

Missing elements

This table offers broad guidance to assist in creating citations and references with MISSING elements.

The formatted examples reflect the referencing requirements for a ‘website post or page’.

Refer to FedCite or the reference style’s official publication for instruction and templates when referencing other specific material types such as books, journals, web documents, etc.

Refer to the ‘Using MLA’ section in FedCite for instruction on formatting requirements for the works cited list.

Missing element	Works Cited list	In-text citation
Nothing missing	*Author, A. “Title.” Source, Year.* Patterson, Ransom. “Textbook Reading for Ultra-Efficient Learning.” College Info Geek, 2 July 2021, collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	(Author Page) (Patterson)
No author	Substitute title for Author; then provide Source and Year List alphabetically by the first word in the title *“Title of document.” Source. Date.* Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning. College Info Geek, 2 July 2021, collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/.	Substitute title of document for Author, then page number. Retain standard MLA formatting for title I.e. italics for a self-contained work, or “double quotation marks” for a document within a container. If the title is long, it can be shortened If from a website, can use the name of the organisation (Title of work Page) OR (“Title of document” Page) OR (Organisation Name Page) (“Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning”) (College Info Geek)
No date	Skip Year if unavailable. Include the date of access in the following format - Accessed Day Mon Year. *Author. “Title.” Source. Accessed Day Mon Year.* Patterson, Ransom. “Textbook Reading for Ultra-Efficient Learning.” College Info Geek, collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/.Accessed 13 Oct. 2021.	No effect on in-text citation
No title	Give a brief descriptive title in your own words. No italics or quotation marks. The description should be in sentence case Author. Document description. Source, Year. Patterson, Ransom. How to read a textbook. College Info Geek, 2 July 2021, collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	No effect on the in-text citation.
No Author & date	Substitute title for Author. Skip the Year if unavailable. It is recommended to include the date of access in the following format. Accessed Day Mon Year. *“Title of document.” Source.* Accessed Day Mon Year.** “Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning.” College Info Geek, collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/. Accessed 13 Oct. 2021. Substitute a brief description of the document in your own words in place of the Author and Title. *Description of document. Source, Year.* How to read a textbook. College Info Geek, 2 July 2021, collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	Substitute title for Author and Page number Retain standard MLA formatting for title I.e., italics for a self-contained work, or “double quotation marks” for a document within a container. If the title is long, it can be shortened If from a website, can use the name of the organisation. (Title of work Page) OR (“Title of document” Page) (“Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning”)
No author & title	Substitute a brief description of the document in your own words in place of the Author and Title. *Description of document. Source, Year.* How to read a textbook. College Info Geek, 2 July 2021, collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/	Substitute description of document for Author, then Page number. If from a website, can use the name of the organisation (Description of document Page) (How to read a textbook) No date & title
No author, title & date	Provide a description of the document in your own words without italics or quotation marks and skip the Year but provide the date of access. It is recommended to include the date of access in the following format. Accessed Day Mon Year. *Author, First Name. Description of document. Source, Accessed Day Mon Year* Patterson, Ransom. How to read a textbook. College Info Geek. collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/. Accessed 13 Oct. 2021.	No effect on the in-text citation.
No source	Substitute description of document for Author, no italics or quotation marks, provide date of access. Accessed Day Mon Year *Description of document. Source.* Accessed Day Mon Year.** How to read a textbook. College Info Geek. collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/. Accessed 13 Oct. 2021. Citing from a source with so few credentials may not be suitable in a piece of academic writing	No effect on the in-text citation.
No pagination	Skip for reference list if not present.	If the source does not use any numbering system (e.g., chapters, sections, scenes, verses) include only the author’s name in the in-text citation. Don’t include paragraph numbers unless they are explicitly numbered in the source.

American Psychological Association. “Missing reference information.” APA Style, Sep. 2019, https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/missing-information

Modern Language Association of America. MLA Handbook. 9th ed., The Modern Language Association of America, 2021.

Changes in the 9th edition

The 9^th edition of the MLA Handbook (published in April 2021) has not involved changes to the existing guidelines for citations. Instead, it provides further clarification and examples to assist with the creation of Works Cited entries and in-text citations, along with additional content relating to other aspects of writing.

Here is a summary of the changes:

Works Cited entries

More detailed guidance on the MLA core elements (Chapter 5) – what the elements are, how to locate them and how to cite them.
A new appendix (Appendix 2) with many more examples of citations, organised by publication format. This list of citations is more exhaustive than those provided in FedCite, which aims to cover the most encountered source types.

In-text citations

Expanded and clarified guidance on how to style in-text citations, with additional examples (Chapter 6).

Other aspects of writing

Note: Check the formatting requirements for your Institute with your lecturer/ tutor or by looking in your Course Description, as they may differ from those specified in the MLA handbook.

A new chapter (Chapter 3) on inclusive language.
Updated guidelines on avoiding plagiarism and how and when to document sources in your writing (Chapter 4).
Expanded guidelines on spelling, punctuation, use of italics, capitalization, names, titles and number in your writing. (Chapter 2)
A new chapter (Chapter 1) on formatting a research paper, reintroduced from the 7^th edition of the Handbook.
A new chapter (Chapter 7) on the use and styling of notes.

The above information is taken from the following source:

“What’s New in the Ninth Edition of the MLA Handbook (Spring 2021).” MLA Style Center. Modern Language Association of America, 2021, https://style.mla.org/ninth-edition-whats-new.

Core elements and containers

Core elements

Works Cited entries are based on a template of core elements which are common to many sources. The MLA’s interactive template demonstrates which core elements to include, the order in which they should appear and the correct punctuation to use between each element.

Fig. 1. Template of core elements from “Works Cited: A Quick Guide;” MLA Style Center, Modern Language Association of America, https://style.mla.org/works-cited/works-cited-a-quick-guide.

You may not need to use all of these elements in all of your Works Cited entries. This will depend upon the individual source.
The names of the core elements are not always literal and can be interpreted to apply to a range of situations e.g. for a theatrical production, you might include the date the performance was attended.
You can also include supplemental elements if necessary in order to provide additional information about a work.

Containers

MLA uses the concept of containers to describe a whole work that contains another work. Identifying the container of a work can help you to format a citation correctly.

The MLA’s interactive template demonstrates which elements of a container to include, the order in which they should appear and the correct punctuation to use between each element.

Some works may be self-contained, while others may have one or more container.

Self-contained works

Items such as printed novels and textbooks do not normally have a container.
Omit the Title of Container element from the citation.

Items with one container

This might be an episode of a TV series, an article from a journal, or a track on a CD.
The whole work (eg TV series, journal or CD) appears in the Title of Container element.

Items with more than one container

An example of this might be a short story contained in an anthology, in turn contained in a database or a digital ebook library. Another is an article contained in a journal, in turn contained in a database.
Add a second container to the citation, including each of the elements that are relevant to the source. The MLA’s interactive template will help you to do this.

Single author

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The main characters in Tim Winton's new book met for the first time after Geogie's car broke down … (103).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

Luther suddenly feels spooked after his first encounter with Georgie and asks himself: "What is this lurching, plunging sensation, this panic …" (Winton 103).

Works Cited

Template

Author. Title. Publisher, Year.

Example

Winton, Tim. Dirt Music. Picador, 2001.

Notes on style

Give the author’s family name plus the given name/s or initials as shown on the source.

Two authors

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to Paul Allain and Jen Hevei theatre is a medium through which … (8).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

Paul Allain and Jen Hevei state that "the field of of theatre studies has undergone a paradigm shift in recent years …" (8).
"The field of of theatre studies has undergone a paradigm shift in recent years ..." (Allain and Hevei 8).

Works Cited

Template

Author/s. Title. Publisher, Year.

Example

Allain, Paul, and Jen Harvie. The Routledge Companion to Theatre and Performance. 2nd ed., Routledge, 2015.

Notes on style

Name all authors. Give first author with family name first; second author with given name first.
Separate by commas, join last author by ‘and’.

Three or more authors

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The literature review is … (Booth et al. 15).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

According to Booth et al. "the literature review is a crucial part of any research study because …" (15)

Works Cited

Template

Author. Title. Publisher, Year.

Example

Booth, Wayne C., et al. The Craft of Research. 3rd ed., U of Chicago P, 2008.

Notes on style

Name first author followed by "et al." (a Latin abbreviation for "et alia", Latin for "and others").

Edition number or multi-volume

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

African villages are often … (Goh 132).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

Lee Goh describes the landscape of Africa as "extremely variable due to …" (5).

Works Cited

Template

Author. Title. Edition, Volume, Publisher, Year.

Example

Goh, Lee. African Voyages. 2nd ed., Vol. 2, Greyguides, 1984.

Notes on style

Multi-volume works: Add volume number/s after title. Give all volumes (e.g., ‘3 vols.’) if you are citing a whole work; or the volume number if citing an individual volume (e.g., ‘Vol. 2’).

Edited book/ Book chapter

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to Alice Mills and Jeremy Smith taboo in literature is … (23).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"Infectious disease is a topic that …" (Brown 83).

Works Cited

Edited collection

Template

Editor/s. Book title. Publisher, Year.

Example

Mills, Alice, and Jeremy Smith, editors. Utter Silence: Voicing the Unspeakable. Peter Lang, 2001.

Chapter from edited collection

Template

Chapter author. Chapter title. Book title, edited by editor/s name(s) (given name then surname), Publisher, Year, Chapter page range.

Example

Brown, Janet. “Silence, Taboo and Infectious Disease.” Utter Silence: Voicing the Unspeakable, edited by Alice Mills and Jeremy Smith, Peter Lang, 2001, pp. 83–91.

Notes on style

Basic: Give author, title (italics), place and name of publisher and year, and publication medium.
Different edition: Add edition description after title. Edition information is only given for editions other than the first. If no edition statement is shown on the book, assume it is the first (and no statement needed).
Edited collection: Give editor/s in author position followed by ‘editor.’ or ‘editors’.
Chapter from edited collection: Give chapter title (in quotation marks). Give book title (in italics). Give editor/s name/s (given name then family name) preceded by 'edited by'.

E-book (from a database)

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to Zipes fairy tales have long been associated with oral storytelling and ... (16).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"Fairy tales are rooted in oral traditions ..." (Zipes 16).

Works Cited

Library e-book

Template

Author. Title of Book. Publisher, Year. Title of the database or website, URL.

Example

Zipes, Jack. The Irresistible Fairy Tale: The Cultural and Social History of a Genre. Princeton UP, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy.federation.edu.au/lib/ballarat/detail.action?docID=864785.

E-reader

Template

Author. Title of book. Version. Publisher, Year.

Example

Levy, Emanuel. Cinema of Outsiders: The Rise of American Independent Film. Kindle ed., New York UP, 1999.

Notes on style

Treat as for a print book, including publisher information.
If accessed online, add website/database name. You can include the date of access if you think it is relevant to your discussion, although this is optional.
If accessed offline as a digital file, add file type.
If you do not know the type of e-book simply add e-book before the publisher

Single author

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Feminist theory can be used to examine fairy tales because … (Taber 13).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

Nancy Taber's article discusses "the ways in which gender is performed in Grimm and Once, as modern fairy tales ..." (14).

Works Cited

Template

Author. “Title of Article.” Journal Name, volume, issue, year, page range. Database, doi/URL.

Examples

Print

Markoff, Gabriel H. H. “The Invisible Barrier: Issue Exhaustion as a Threat to Pluralism in Administrative Rulemaking.” Texas Law Review, vol. 90, no. 4, 2012, pp. 1065–1092.

Online

Taber, Nancy. “Detectives and Bail Bonds ‘Persons’ as Fairy Tale Hero/ines: A Feminist Antimilitarist Analysis of Grimm and Once Upon a Time.” Gender Forum, no. 44, 2013, pp. 13-27, www.genderforum.org/index.php?id=731.

Database

Hamilton, Margaret. “Postdramatic Theatre and Australia: A 'New' Theatre Discourse.” Australasian Drama Studies, no. 52, 2008, pp. 3–23. Informit, search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=791708669318288;res=IELAPA

Notes on style

Give author and title of article (quotation marks). If source is an abstract, letter or review, add "Abstract", "Letter to the editor" or "Review of … (name the work being reviewed)" after author.
Give journal name in italics.
Online: Add website name (if different from name of journal).

Two authors

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The fairy tale princess in children's literature can be seen as . . . (Hsieh and Matoush 214).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

"Metaphor in supervision is often …" (Smith and Bird 2).

Works Cited

Template

Authors. “Title of Article.” Journal Name, volume, number, year, page range. Database, doi/URL.

Examples

Print

Hsieh, Ivy, and Haoyin Matoush. “Filial Daughter, Woman Warrior, or Identity-Seeking Fairytale Princess: Fostering Critical Awareness Through Mulan.” Children's Literature in Education, vol. 43, no. 3, 2012, pp. 213–222.

Online

Kuykendal, Leslee Farish, and Brian W. Sturm. “We Said Feminist Fairy Tales, Not Fractured Fairy Tales! The Construction of the Feminist Fairy Tale: Female Agency over Role Reversal.” Children and Libraries, vol. 5, no. 3, 2007, pp. 38-41, www.michelepolak.com/3003spring2014/Weekly_Schedule_files/Kuykendal%20.pdf.

DOI

"Smith, Margaret E., and Drew Bird. “Fairy Tales, Landscapes and Metaphor in Supervision: An Exploratory Study.” Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, vol. 14, no. 1, 2014, pp. 2–9. CINAHL, doi: 10.1080/14733145.2013.779732

Three or more authors

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Characters in Caldecotts' works are … (Koss 26)

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

Marek Tesar, et al. discuss the "philosophical underpinning fairytales are essential to understanding …" (222).

Works Cited

Template

Author. “Title of Article.” Journal Name, volume, number, year, page range. Database, doi/URL.

Examples

Print

Koss, Melanie D., et al. “Meeting Characters In Caldecotts: What Does This Mean For Today's Readers?” Reading Teacher, vol. 70, no. 1, 2016, pp. 19–28.

Online

Moreno-Ríos, Sergio, et al. “Bias in Perspective-Taking during Reading: Adjusting the Knowledge of Characters.” Journal of Pragmatics: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Language Studies, vol. 43, no. 7, 2011, pp. 1977–1986, doi: org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.12.013. Accessed 19 Dec 2017.

Database

Tesar, Marek, et al. “Forever Young: Childhoods, Fairy Tales and Philosophy.” Global Studies of Childhood, vol. 6, no. 2, 2016, pp. 222–233. Sage Premier 2017, doi: 10.1177/2043610616647642.

Abstract

Tesar, Marek, et al. Abstract. “Forever Young: Childhoods, Fairy Tales and Philosophy.” Global Studies of Childhood, vol. 6, no. 2, 2016, pp. 222–233. Sage Premier 2017, doi: 10.1177/2043610616647642.

Without DOI

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Smith and Bird's view on collaborative supervision … (2).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

"In conclusion, a collaborative supervision relationship can be used to enhance a therapist’s ability to …" (Smith and Bird 10).

Works Cited

Template

Author. “Title of Article.” Journal Name, volume, number, year, page range, URL.

Example

Moran, W., "Enhancing understanding of teaching and the profession through school innovation rounds." Australian Journal of Teacher Education, vol. 39, no.3, 2014, pp. 68-85, ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/.

From a library database

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Kerry Greenwood writes in her front room … (Stephens 11).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

"When I wrote my last book, I wrote it in about six weeks. I just write and don't do anything else " (Stephens 11).

Works Cited

Template

Author. “Article Title.” Newspaper/Magazine Name [City (if not in name)] Day Month Year, page range. Database, URL.

Example

Stephens, Andrew. "My space - Kerry Greenwood." The Age [Melbourne] 7 Dec. 2008, p. 11. Newspaper Source Plus. web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=6&sid=43a16fdf-226d-4081-adf4-7163b006abc8%40sessionmgr4009&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=SYD-5KT5FPNBIM0LS42K5FK&db=n5h.

Notes on style

For publication dates, abbreviate all months to the first three letters (e.g. Oct.), except for September (which should be Sept.).
If the newspaper is a less well-known or local publication, include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper, as seen in the second example above.
For works that are anonymously authored, or have no author, include a shortened version of the title in the in-text citation (do not list the author as "anonymous", nor as "anon.").

Online

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to Brian Craig, Mrs Holt … (2).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

"Starbucks is an international …" (Rosen).

Works Cited

Template

“Article Title.” Newspaper/Magazine Name [City (if not in name)] Day Month Year, page range, doi/URL.

Examples

Online replica of print edition

Craig, Brian. “Australia and the World Shares Mrs Holt’s Sorrow.” Australian Women’s Weekly, 10 Jan. 1968, pp. 2–3. Trove, https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/45649185

Litson, Jo. “Pulse of the Times.” The Australian, 7 May 2004, p. 17.

Online edition

Rosen, Len. Letter. “Occupy Starbucks.” New York Times, 22 Jan. 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/01/23/opinion/occupy-starbucks.html.

Wilson-Clark, Charlie. "Computers ranked as key literacy." The West Australian, 29 Mar. 2004, p. 3, thewest.com.au/.

Notes on style

Give author, or start with title if no author.
Give title (quotation marks). If needed, add description (e.g., Letter) before title, or give alone.
Give newspaper/magazine name (italics). Omit ‘The’ if at beginning. If city is not in name, add this in square brackets, no italics. If separate section, add name (no italics) after title.
Give date of publication followed by page numbers. If non-consecutive, add plus sign (See: Newspapers - No consecutive page numbers).
Online: Give website name (italics), publisher of website, date of publication, medium of publication (Web), and retrieval date. If article is a digital replica of print edition, include page numbers.
For works that are anonymously authored, or have no author, include a shortened version of the title in the in-text citation (do not list the author as "anonymous", nor as "anon.").

Print

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Jim Hunt has reported that the assassin of President Kennedy … (1).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

"The death of President Kennedy has impacted people world over …" (Hunt 1, para. 1).

Works Cited

Template

Author. “Article Title.” Newspaper/Magazine Name [City (if not in name)] Day Month Year, page range.

Examples

Basic

Hunt, Jim. “Assassin Kills Kennedy.” Chicago Tribune, 22 Nov. 1963, p. 1+.

Litson, Jo. “Pulse of the Times.” The Australian, 7 May 2004, p. 17.

Smith, John.”Steelers win Super Bowl XLIII.” Star-Ledger [Newark]. 2 Feb. 2009, pp. 4-6.

Separate section

Rousseau, Nina. “Arrival of the Spice Setters.” The Age [Melbourne] 3 June 2008, Epicure sec.: p. 4.

Notes on style

Give author, or start with title if no author.
Give title (quotation marks). If needed, add description (e.g., Letter) before title, or give alone.
Give newspaper/magazine name (italics). Omit "The" if at beginning. If city is not in name, add this in square brackets, no italics. If separate section, add name (no italics) after title.
Give date of publication followed by page numbers. If non-consecutive, add plus sign (See: Newspapers - No consecutive page numbers).
For works that are anonymously authored, or have no author, include a shortened version of the title in the in-text citation (do not list the author as "anonymous", nor as "anon.").

No consecutive page numbers

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Clancy Yeates and Dan Harrison state that a Swan surplus is unlikely due to … (3).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

"The reason a surplus is unlikely …" (3).

Works Cited

Template

Author. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper, day month year, first page of article.

Example

Yeates, Clancy and Dan Harrison. "Swan Admits Surplus Unlikely." The Age, 20 Dec. 2012, pp. 3+.

Notes on style

For example, an article might begin on page 3, then skip to page 14. In this instance, record only the first page number and a plus sign +, leaving no intervening space.
For works that are anonymously authored, or have no author, include a shortened version of the title in the in-text citation (do not list the author as "anonymous", nor as "anon.").

Audiobook (CD, audio file)

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Peter FitzSimons presents an excellent program about the Kokoda trail including fitness preparation tips … (03:01-05:03).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"The Kokoda trek is an experience that …" (FitzSimons 0:01).

Works Cited

Template

Author. Title. Narrated by name, Recording label, Year. Website Name (if online). URL.

Examples

CD

FitzSimons, Peter. Kokoda. Narrated by Lewis FitzGerald. ABC Audio, 2013.

Online

Sullivan, Anne O. The Bees. Read by Anne-Marie Cusac. Poem of the Day, Poetry Foundation, 27 Aug. 2017, www.poetryfoundation.org/%20podcasts/76357/the-bees.

Notes on style

Give author and title. Add reader’s name after title preceded by ‘Narr.’ (abbreviation of ‘Narrator’).
Give name of recording label/publisher.
The year alone is usually sufficient as a publication date for an audiobook.
If accessed online, give name of website.

Audio podcast

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Scientists are baffled about the appeal of eclipses to the general public … (Chang 0:01-01:12).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"More members of the public are fascinated by eclipses but from a scientist's view …" (Chang 0:01).

Works Cited

Template

Narrator/host name. “Episode Title.” Podcast Title, Season Number, Episode Number, Website (if different from Podcast title), Publisher, Day Month Year, URL.

Examples

Gladwell, Malcolm, narrator. “The Lady Vanishes.” Revisionist History, season 1, episode 1, Slate Group, 6 April 2016, revisionisthistory.com/seasons?selected=season-1.

Contained in a website

Chang, Ailsa, host. “Why Scientists Can’t Explain All the Appeal of an Eclipse.” Morning Edition, NPR, 11 Aug. 2017, www.npr.org/2017/08/11/542753070/scientists-can-t-explain-all-the-appeal-of-an-eclipse.

Podcast on an app

Gladwell, Malcolm, narrator. “The Lady Vanishes.” Revisionist History, iTunes app, 16 June 2016.

Music recording

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Guy Sebastian's song touches a father's love for his child and ...

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"Won't let the big bad world get you no way" (Sebastian 0:59).

Works Cited

Template

Performer. “Title of Song.” By Writer (if different from performer). Title of Album. Label, Year. Form/Website Name (if online).

Examples

Single track (LP)

Sinatra, Frank. “Autumn in New York.” By Vernon Duke. Come Fly With Me. Capitol, 1958. LP.

Single track (Online)

Sebastian, Guy. “Big Bad World.” Armageddon. Sony Music Australia, 2012. Apple iTunes. Web.

Album (CD)

Perry, Katy. Prism. Capitol, 2013. CD.

Notes on style

Single track/song: Give name of performer and title of song (in quotation marks). Give name of songwriter if different from performer. Give album title (italics), and name of recording label and year. Add form (e.g., LP, CD, Web, etc.).
Whole album: Give name of performer, album title (italics), label and year, and form.
Online: Give website name before publication medium (‘Web’). If available originally in another form, add original publisher (label) and year.

Speech, Performance, live

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Martin Andrews presents a reading of Philip Larkin's poems which span …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".

"The poems of Philip Larkin have been loved by many generations because …" (Andrews).

Works Cited

Template

Performer/Speaker. “Title of Performance.” Title of Whole Work. Venue, City. Day Month Year of performance. Form.

Examples

Andrews, Martin. “The Poems of Philip Larkin.” Poetry Live. Federation Square, Melbourne. 15 June 2012. Reading.

Perfect, Eddie. Misanthropology. The Famous Spiegeltent, Sydney. 13 Jan. 2011. Performance.

Notes on style

Give speaker/performer at beginning of entry.
Give title in italics if it is a stand-alone production. If part of a larger work, or if a speech or lecture, use quotation marks.
Give name and location of venue, date of performance, and form (e.g., Reading, Lecture, Performance).

Speech, Performance, recorded

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

According to Winston Churchill during World War II …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"At this solemn hour I declare …" (Churchill 0:30).

Works Cited

Template

Performer. “Title.” Title of whole work (where applicable). Date recorded. Label, Year (or Website Name and date, if online).

Examples

Performance (CD)

Seinfeld, Jerry. I’m Telling You for the Last Time: Live on Broadway. Performance. 9 Aug. 1998. Universal, 1998.

Speech recording (vinyl)

Churchill, Winston. “In a Solemn Hour.” Winston Churchill: A Selection from his Famous Wartime Speeches. Recorded 19 May 1940. Decca, 1964.

Speech recording (online video)

Kennedy, John F. “Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner).” Speech. 26 June 1963. Online video clip. American Rhetoric. American Rhetoric, 17 June 2009. Accessed 14 Nov. 2013.

Speech recording (online audio)

King, Martin Luther, Jr. “I Have a Dream.” Speech. 28 August 1963. Online audio clip. King Institute. The King Center, 2013. 6 Jan. 2014.

Notes on style

Give speaker/performer at beginning of entry.
Give title of whole show/performance in italics. Give title of speeches/acts in quotation marks.
Give date of recording, description of form and label and year of publication.
Online: Add website, publisher, publication medium, and date of access.

Streaming video from a library database

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

In this film a retired chef struggles with ... (Eat Drink Man Woman).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and timestamp with hours, minutes and seconds.

"Well, what shall we cook for next Sunday's dinner?" (Eat Drink Man Woman 00:16:06).

Works Cited

Template

Title of Film. Directed by director’s name/s, performances by performers' names [if relevant], version information, name of film studio or distributor, release year. Name of Database, URL.

Examples

Una Rosa de Francia. Directed by Manual Gutiérrez Aragón, performances by Jorge Perugorría, Álex González and Ana de Armas, 2006. CMAX TV, www.cmaxtv.com/una-rosa-de-francia.

Eat Drink Man Woman. Directed by Ang Lee, 1994. Kanopy, www.kanopystreaming.com/product/eat-drink-man-woman.

Notes on style

If URLs are not available, omit that portion of the citation.
Generally, list film directors as key contributors in the Contributor element.
However, a director can be listed in the Author element if their role is the focus of your discussion. Invert their name, and follow their name with a label (eg director) preceded by a comma.
Include names of actors as contributors if their performances are the focus of your discussion.

Television/Radio

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The extradition of Mr Assange has caused ... (Lateline).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"Mr Assange is facing extradition to Sweden where ..." (Lateline 10:12).

Works Cited

Live television/radio broadcast

Template

"Title of Episode or segment." Title of Series or Program, director's name, contributor's name, season number, episode number, distributor's name, date of airing.

Examples

Marock, directed by Laila Marrakchi, performance by Morjana Alaoui, Mathieu Boujenah and Assas Bouab,SBS, 18 Dec. 2012.

"Summer Movies with Julia Rigg." Breakfast, ABC, 18 Jan. 2012.

Notes on style

If the episode or segment does not have a season or episode number, simply omit the information.

Television news broadcast (Online video broadcast)

Template

"Title of source." Title of Program, contributor's name, distributor's name, date of release. Database, URL.

Examples

“Ecuador to rule on Assange asylum bid.” Lateline, narrated by Emma Alberici, ABC 1 Melbourne, 21 Jun. 2012. TVNews, https://go.openathens.net/redirector/federation.edu.au?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.informit.org%2Fdoi%2F10.3316%2Ftvnews.tev20122506868.

“This government has been dishonest, incompetent and should go but what exactly is the alternative offered by the Liberals?” The Bolt Report, Ten Network, 26 May 2013. TVNews, https://go.openathens.net/redirector/federation.edu.au?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.informit.org%2Fdoi%2F10.3316%2Ftvnews.tsm201305260107.

Notes on style

If contributors are not available, omit that portion of the citation.

Television Series

Template

"Title of Episode." Title of Series, director's name, season number, episode number, distributor's name, date of release, disc number.

Examples

"The Trip." Seinfeld, directed by Tom Cherones, season 4, episode 10, NVC, 12 Aug. 1992.

“Once More with Feeling.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, directed by Joss Whedon, season 6, episode 7, Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2006.

"Episode One." Downton Abbey, directed by Brian Percival, series 1, episode 1, Carnival Films, 2010, disc 1.

Notes on style

If the show is discussed in a general way, without focusing on an individual's contribution, do not cite an author, but instead start the reference with the title of the episode (as demonstrated above).
If the episode does not have a season or episode number, simply omit the information.
Including information about the director and other key participants is optional, as shown in the second example.
Include disc number if applicable, as shown in the third example above.

DVD (whole episode)

Template

Title of Series, Creator's name, contributor's name, season number, distributor's name, date of release.

Examples

Friends: The Complete Sixth Season, written by Andrew Reich and Ted Cohen, directed by Kevin Bright, NBC, 10 Feb. 2000. Warner Brothers, 2004.

Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, Mutant Enemy, 1999.

Gellar, Sarah Michelle, performer, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Mutant Enemy, 1997-2003.

Notes on style

If your discussion focuses on one participant, list them as the author (see third example).

Online (Netflix, Kanopy, CMAX, etc.)

Template

"Title of Episode." Title of Series or Program, director's name, season number, episode number, distributor's name, date of release. Name of service provider, URL.

Examples

"Under the Gun." Pretty Little Liars, season 4, episode 6, ABC Family, 16 Jul. 2013. Hulu, www.hulu.com/watch/511318.

"The Last Frontier." Frozen Planet, narrated by Richard Attenborough, episode 6, BBC, 30 Nov. 2011. Kanopy, monash.kanopystreaming.com.ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au/video/frozen-planet.

"Chapter two: A touch of evil." Riverdale, season 1, episode 2, The CW television network, 3 Feb. 2017. Netflix, www.netflix.com/au/title/80133311.

"Gambling." You can't ask that, series 2, ABC, 6 Apr. 2017. iview, iview.abc.net.au/programs/you-cant-ask-that/LE1617H010S00.

"Capitulo 1". UNO, directed by Roly Peña and Alberto Luberta Martínez, season 1, episode 1, RTV Comercial, 5 Jan 2015. CMAX TV, www.cmaxtv.com/player/uno1/stream/a19651479f07635c110f40cce1214d8f

Notes on style

If the show is discussed in a general way, (without focusing on an individual's contribution to it), there is no need to cite the author.

Streaming videos

TED video on YouTube

Honchell Smith, Stephanie. “Why Plague Doctors Wore Beaked Masks.” YouTube, uploaded by TED-Ed, 23 Nov. 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMt8xm4t7XQ

TED video on TED website

Honchell Smith, Stephanie. “Why Plague Doctors Wore Beaked Masks.” TEDEd, https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-plague-doctors-wore-beaked-masks Accessed 29 Nov. 2022

Twitter

Historic Vids [@historyinmemes]. “1960s children imagine life in the year 2000.” Twitter, 29 Nov. 2022, https://twitter.com/historyinmemes/status/1597330753784008706

Twitter – no caption

cats with jobs [@CatWorkers]. Cat on train station card reader. Twitter, 29 Nov. 2022, https://twitter.com/CatWorkers/status/1597270803670003712

TikTok

Amaury Guichon [@amauryguichon]. “Chocolate Foosball! Right on time for the world cup #amauryguichon #chocolate #worldcup.” TikTok, 2022, https://www.tiktok.com/@amauryguichon/video/7171096142682475822

Instagram

the_mini_adhd_coach. “Waiting For an ADHD Diagnosis.” Instagram, 23 Nov. 2022, https://www.instagram.com/p/ClRAsWmoP9e/

Video, film (studio production)

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Marty McFly is a wonderful film character … (Back to the Future).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp with hours, minutes and seconds.

"Wait a minute, Doc. Are you telling me that you built a time machine… out of a DeLorean?" (Back to the Future 00:29:06-07).

Works Cited

Template

Title of Film. Directed by director's name/s, performances by performer names [if relevant], Film Studio/ Distributor, Release year.

Examples

Film

Back to the Future. Directed by Robert Zemeckis, performances by Michael J. Fox and Christopher Lloyd, Universal Pictures, 1985.

Othello. Directed by Stuart Burge, Japanese subtitles by Shunji Shimizu, BHE Films, 1965.

DVD/BLU-RAY release

Man of Steel. Directed by Zach Snyder, Warner Bros, 2013. DVD.

DVD/BLU-RAY re-issue or release of different version

Blade Runner. 1982. Directed by Ridley Scott, Director’s cut, Warner Bros., 1992. DVD.

In case the film version is different from the original (e.g. director's cut), include date of release (e.g. 1982 in the first example above) and date of version (e.g. 1992 in the first example above).
If version information is not available, omit that portion of the citation.

Online

Argo. Directed by Ben Affleck Warner Bros, 2012. Apple iTunes app.

Notes on style

Give title (italics), role and name of primary contributor (e.g., director or writer), studio and year of release. (Various roles have been added to the examples above to show options.)
Generally list film directors as key contributors in the Contributor element.
However, a director can be listed in the Author element if their role is the focus of your discussion. Invert their name and follow their name with a label (eg director) preceded by a comma.
Include the names of actors as contributors if their performances are the focus of your discussion.

Video game

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Fallout: New Vegas is a new game that ...

Direct quote

“Who are you, that you do not know your history?” (Fallout 12:00).

Works Cited

Template

Title. Description. Publisher, Year.

Example

Fallout: New Vegas. Video game. Bethesda Softwork, 2010.

Notes on style

Give title (italics) followed by description (no italics).
Give name of company and year of release.
For online games, add website name and retrieval date.

Video podcast

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Research into gaming productivity suggests that ... (McGonigal).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"There has been some fascinating research to suggest that ..." (McGonigal 00:01).

Works Cited

Template

“Video title.” Podcast Name. Uploaded by name, publication date, URL.

Examples

“8 Hot Dog Gadgets put to the Test.” YouTube. Uploaded by Crazy Russian Hacker, 6 June 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBlpjSEtELs.

McGonigal, Jane. “Gaming and Productivity.” YouTube, uploaded by Big Think, 3 July 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkdzy9bWW3E.

YouTube video

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

In this clip Brian Behlendorf questions the accuracy of information on the internet in the context of fake news.

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and time stamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"Fake news is …" (Behlendorf 02:12).

Works Cited

Template

Family name, First name. "Video title." Title of website, uploaded by name, date uploaded, URL.

Examples

“8 Hot Dog Gadgets put to the Test.” YouTube, uploaded by Crazy Russian Hacker, 6 June 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBlpjSEtELs.

Behlendorf, Brian. "What If the Internet Could Not Tell a Lie? Blockchain, Fake News, Rumor Mills." YouTube, uploaded by Big Think, 29 Aug. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmWFrrOHECg.

Notes on style

If the author is the same as the uploader, only cite them once, as shown in the first example above.
If the author and uploader are different, then follow the second example above.
Use screen name as author name if author name is unknown.

Web document (pdf)

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

The fire ecology in the Grampians area has been … (Parks Victoria)

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".

"The Grampians region has been reviewed …" (Parks Victoria).

Works cited

Template

Author. Title. City: Publisher, Year. Website Name. URL.

Example

Parks Victoria. Fire Ecology in the Grampians. Melbourne: Parks Victoria, 2004. Brambuk National Park and Cultural Centre, www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/GrampiansNationalParkFireEcology.pdf.

Notes on style

Give the author, title (italics) and publication details of the document.
Give the name of website where the document was accessed, and the retrieval date if there is no publication date.

Website post, page (general treatment)

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

There are arguments for and against various types of commas … (Niko2)

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".

"I prefer to use the serial comma even though most French texts do not." (Niko2).

Works cited

Template

Author. “Title of Post or Page.” Website Name. Publisher/Sponsor of website, publication date, URL.

Examples

Howard, Cerise. "2012 Fribourg International Film Festival." Australian Film Critics Association. Australian Film Critics Association, 11 Aug. 2012, www.afca.org.au/2012-fribourg-int-ff.html.

Niko2. "serial comma / oxford comma." WordReference Language Forums, 10 Apr. 2007, forum.wordreference.com/threads/serial-comma-oxford-comma.458480/.

Notes on style

Give the name of the person or group who created the post or page, and the title in quotation marks. If there is no title, give a short descriptive phrase (no quotation marks).
Give the name of the website, the publisher/sponsor of the site, and the year or specific date of the post or page (as displayed on the individual post or page).
For information on how to reference YouTube videos in MLA, please visit the YouTube video section under Audiovisual material or Online discussion or social media.

Website

No works cited entry required

In-text only notes

The video-sharing website YouTube (http://www.youtube.com) is …

When making a general reference to a website as a whole (i.e., not to a specific document, page or post on the site), give the URL in round brackets after the mention; no reference entry is needed.

Book

In-text citations

When Oliver Twist meets Fagin for the first time he … (Dickens, fig. 1, 100).

Figure layout

Fig. 1. Oliver's reception by Fagin and the boys from Dickens, Charles. Oliver Twist. Edited by Kathleen Tillotson. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966, p. 100.

Works Cited

Template

Author. Title. Place: Publisher, Year. Medium.

Example

Dickens, Charles. Oliver Twist. Edited by Kathleen Tillotson. Clarendon Press, 1966.

Notes on style

When you are citing an image reproduced in a book or periodical, it is usually sufficient to refer to it in your text and create a Works Cited entry for the book or journal article in which the image appears.
If a page number appears include it.
Illustrations appear directly embedded in the document, except in the case of manuscripts that are being prepared for publication.
Each illustration must include a label, a number, a caption and/or source information.
The illustration label and number should always appear in two places: the document main text (e.g. see fig. 1) and near the illustration itself (Fig. 1).
Source information documentation will always depend upon the medium of the source illustration. If you provide source information with all of your illustrations, you do not need to provide this information on the Works Cited page.

Creative commons

In-text citations

The inscription on the plaque reads ... (Jones, fig. 1).

Figure layout

Fig. 1. Details of Grave of Oskar Schindler, by Adam Jones. Flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/adam_jones/5676126945. Licenced under CC BY 2.0.

Works Cited

Template

Author. Title. Website, URL.

Example

Jones, A. Details of Grave of Oskar Schindler. Flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/adam_jones/5676126945.

Library database

In-text citations

The main character Philomac is played by twins Tremayne and Trevon Doolan (Johnson, fig. 1, p. 30).

Figure layout

Fig 1. NGC 6302: The Butterfly Nebula from NASA, ESA and Kastner, J. "Images." 2020. Hubblesite, https://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hvi/uploads/image/display_image/4680/STScI-H-p2031b-d-1280x720.png

Works Cited

Template

Author. “Title of Article.” Journal Name, volume, issue, year, page range. Database, doi/URL.

Example

Johnson, Trevor. "Red Earth." Sight & Sound vol. 28, no. 4, 2018, pp. 28-31. Art & Architecture Source, search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.federation.edu.au/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asu&AN=128257525&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

Map, chart, illustration, figure, table, image

In-text citations

Casey City's electoral structure is ... (Victorian Electoral Commission fig. 1).

Figure layout

Fig. 1 Map of Victoria from "Victoria." McCarron; Bird and Co., 1916, Map. https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/australia_1916_victoria.jpg

Works Cited

Online

Template

“Title.” Description. Title of Work or Website Name (if online). Publisher, Year. Form. URL.

Example

"Casey City Council: Electoral structure of Casey City Council." Victorian Electoral Commission, 2016, Map. www.vec.vic.gov.au/images/maps/CaseyMapHR.pdf.

Print

Template

“Title”. Title of Work, Author, Publisher, Year, Page. Form.

Example

“Old Hobart Town.” Colonial Settlement in Tasmania, by P. E. Timms, Tiger Press, 2006, p. 13. Chart.

Notes on style

For images from print sources, give the title of the item in quotation marks. (If no title or caption, give a short description without quotation marks), followed by the title of source, author, publication details, and page of the work containing it, and give a description of its form (e.g., ‘Map’, ‘Chart’).
For images from online sources, give the title of the item in quotation marks. (If no title or caption, give a short description without quotation marks), followed by website name, website publisher and year, description of its form (e.g., ‘Map’, ‘Chart’), and URL.

Web page

In-text citations

Romare Bearden's artwork The Train … (fig. 1).

Figure layout

Fig. 1. H. Lyman Sayen, The Thundershower, Smithsonian, www.si.edu/object/thundershower-study-painting:saam_1968.19.6.

Works Cited

Template

Artist. Title of artwork. Year. Website, doi/URL.

Example

Bearden, Romare. The Train. 1975. MOMA, www.moma.org/collection/works/65232?locale=en.

Visual artwork

In-text citations

John Brack's original artwork The Fish Shop shows ...

Works Cited

Template

Artist. Title of Artwork. Year. Gallery/Museum, City.

Example

Brack, John. The Fish Shop. 1955, Heide Museum of Modern Art, Melbourne.

Notes on style

Give artist, title (italics), year, medium, and name, and city of the gallery.
The medium of publication and materials of composition, if important to your discussion, could be included at the end of the entry as optional elements.

Blog post

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Michael Daly claims that a Pennsylvania student believes that it is possible to buy ingredients for a WMD on Amazon.

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.

"A Pennsylvania student has proven that it is possible to buy ingredients for a WMD on Amazon" (Daly par. 1).

Works Cited

Template

Author. (screen name). “Title.” Website Name. Day Month Year of post, URL.

Example

Daly, Michael. “Pennsylvania student proves you could buy ingredients for a WMD on Amazon.” The Daily Beast, 28 Jan. 2014, www.thedailybeast.com/pennsylvania-student-proves-you-could-buy-ingredients-for-a-wmd-on-amazon.

Notes on style

This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable (i.e., open access). Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources, Personal communication).
Give real name. Add screen name (if one) in parentheses, or give alone if real name unknown.
Give post/comment/tweet as the title (in quotation marks).
Give date of post/comment. Retrieval date is not necessary for items with a specific associated date (e.g., individual tweets, posts, etc.), but is necessary for whole feeds/pages.

Facebook post

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Coles has just announced that 100% of their Coles Brand fresh chicken is now RSPCA Approved.

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.

"From 2014 we guarantee that 100% of our Coles Brand fresh chicken is now RSPCA Approved" (Coles par. 2).

Works Cited

Template

Author. (screen name). “Title.” Form. Day Month Year of post, URL.

Example

Coles. “Good News: In another national supermarket first, we’re pleased to announce 100% of our Coles Brand fresh chicken is now RSPCA Approved.” Facebook, 2 Jan. 2014, www.facebook.com/coles/posts/639616386102380.

Notes on style

This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable (i.e., open access). Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources, Personal communication).
Give real name. Add screen name (if one) in parentheses, or give alone if real name unknown.
Give post/comment/tweet as the title (in quotation marks).
Add form (e.g., ‘Twitter’, ‘Facebook post’, ‘Photograph’, etc.) title. (Use ‘Twitter page’ or ‘Facebook page’ if using someone’s entire feed/timeline as a source.)
Give date of post/comment/tweet. Retrieval date is not necessary for items with a specific associated date (e.g., individual tweets, posts, etc.), but is necessary for whole feeds/pages.

Forum comment

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Jeane argues that …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.

"I know I mention digital versus print here often but I can’t help myself, it’s like a mosquito bite I can’t stop scratching." (Jeane par. 1).

Works Cited

Template

Author. (screen name). “Title.” Website Name. Day Month Year of post, URL.

Example

Jeane. Comment on “The Reading Brain: Differences between Digital and Print.” So Many Books, 25 Apr. 2013, 10.30 p.m., somanybooksblog.com/2013/04/25/the-reading-brain-differences-between-digital-and-print/.

Notes on style

This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable (i.e., open access). Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources, Personal communication).
Give real name. Add screen name (if one) in parentheses, or give alone if real name unknown.
Give post/comment/tweet as the title (in quotation marks).
Give date of post/comment/tweet. Retrieval date is not necessary for items with a specific associated date (e.g., individual tweets, posts, etc.), but is necessary for whole feeds/pages.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Richard Osman explains that libraries, in his opinion, provide an incredible service…

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.

"Libraries still provide such an incredible service…" (Osman).

Works Cited

Template

Author. (screen name). “Title.” Form. Day Month Year of post, URL.

Example

Osman, Richard (@richardosman). “Libraries still provide such an incredible service. Books for free! #SupportYourLibrary” Twitter. 13 Jan. 2023, 12.10 a.m, twitter.com/richardosman/status/1613523857414971392.

Notes on style

This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable (i.e., open access). Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources, Personal communication).
Give real name. Add screen name (if one) in parentheses, or give alone if real name unknown.
Give post/comment/tweet as the title (in quotation marks).
Add form (e.g., ‘Twitter’, ‘Facebook post’, ‘Photograph’, etc.) title. (Use ‘Twitter page’ or ‘Facebook page’ if using someone’s entire feed/timeline as a source.)
Give date of post/comment/tweet. Retrieval date is not necessary for items with a specific associated date (e.g., individual tweets, posts, etc.), but is necessary for whole feeds/pages.

YouTube video

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

In this clip Brian Behlendorf questions the accuracy of information on the internet in the context of fake news.

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and time stamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"Fake news is …" (Behlendorf 02:12).

Works Cited

Template

Last name, First name. "Video title." Title of website, uploaded by name, date uploaded, URL.

Examples

“8 Hot Dog Gadgets put to the Test.” YouTube, uploaded by Crazy Russian Hacker, 6 June 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBlpjSEtELs.

Behlendorf, Brian. "What If the Internet Could Not Tell a Lie? Blockchain, Fake News, Rumor Mills." YouTube, uploaded by Big Think, 29 Aug. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmWFrrOHECg.

Notes on style

If the author is the same as the uploader, only cite them once, as shown in the first example above.
If the author and uploader are different, then follow the second example above.
Use screen name as author name if author name is unknown.

Brochure, pamphlet, catalogue

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Australian impressionists often exhibited their art work in France … (Taylor 1).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).

"Australian impressionists listed in this catalogue exhibited their work in France during …" (Taylor 1).

Works Cited

Template

Author. Title. Publisher, Year. Website Name.

Examples

Exhibition catalogue (print)

Taylor, Elena. Australian Impressionists in France. National Gallery of Victoria, 2013. Exhibition catalogue.

Brochure (online)

Parks Victoria. Fire Ecology - an overview. 2004. Brambuk National Park and Cultural Centre, www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/GrampiansNationalParkFireEcology.pdf.

Notes on style

Give publication year or date as shown on document. Give title in italics.
If publisher is also the author, use ‘Author’ to stand for author’s name.

Conference paper presented (unpublished)

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Fellini's films often provoke feelings of … (Wenzel 2).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).

Barry Q. Wenzel states that "Fellini's films often make people think about their own … (3).

Works Cited

Template

Presenter. “Title of Paper.” Conference name, Day Month Year, Location. Descriptor. Website, URL.

Examples

Wenzel, Barry Q. “Films of Fellini.” Annual Meeting of the Society for Cinema Studies, 4 June 1998. Ballarat, Australia. Presentation.

Stein, Bob. “Reading and Writing in the Digital Era.” Discovering Digital Dimensions, Computers and Writing Conference, 23 May 2003, Union Club Hotel, West Lafayette, IN. Keynote Address.

Notes on style

Add description (examples, Keynote Address, Speech, Lecture or Presentation).

Conference paper published in proceedings

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Self-management of metacognitive behaviour is often considered in computer programmes in recent times (Carnone et al. 533).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).

According to C. Murphy leadership in job design is becoming more important … (2).

Works Cited

Template

Author. “Title of Paper.” Proceedings of Name of Conference. Editor. Publisher, Year. Page range of paper. Website, doi/URL.

Examples

Paper in proceedings

Carbone, Angela et al. “Designing Programming Tasks to Elicit Self-Management Metacognitive Behaviour.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers in Education. Edited by B. Werner. Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society, 2002. pp. 533-34. IEEE Xplore., doi:10.1109/CIE.2002.1185998.

Hualde, José Ignacio. “Patterns of Correspondence in the Adaptation of Spanish Borrowings in Basque.” Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 12-15, 1999: General Session and Parasession on Loan Word Phenomena, edited by Steven S. Chang et al., Berkeley Linguistics Society, 2000, pp. 348-58.

Murphy, C. “Job Design and Leadership.” Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the International Employment Relations Association. Ed. Gordon Stewart and Paul Hyland. Rockhampton: CQU, 2004. 1–13.

Whole proceedings

Chang, Steve S., et al., editors. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 12-15, 1999: General Session and Parasession on Loan Word Phenomena. Berkeley Linguistics Society, 2000.

Notes on style

Treat like a book chapter from an edited collection. Give author/s of paper, title of paper (in quotation marks), title and editor of proceedings, publication information, and page range.
For proceedings accessed online, give date of access.
If using the whole proceedings as a source, treat like a book (edited collection).

Course materials

** Check with your teacher or lecturer before including lecture/class material in the Works Cited list.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Drought tolerant plants are particularly suitable for the Australian landscape …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".

"Australian gardeners should consider drought tolerant plants when landscaping ..." (Lucas).

Works Cited

Template

Author. “Title.” Description. Date. Website Name (if online). Publisher, Year/Date, URL.

Examples

Online document/file

Barrett, Keith. “Cell Structure.” Barrett College. Barrett Education, 19 June 2010. Microsoft PowerPoint slides.

Online lecture

Levine, Caroline. “Hierarchy.” Blackboard, uploaded by Mary Smith, 10 Oct. 2017, blackboard.stonybrook.edu/.

Print handout

Huang, Lee “The Cost of Retribution.” Ethics 123, Central University, Townsville. 5 March 2012. Lecture material.

Notes on style

Live classes, lectures and presentations are not recoverable so are not included in the reference list. Treat as personal communications; e.g., ‘… in a lecture on chaos theory (M. Green, personal communication, May 1, 2009) …’
Online lectures and presentations are recoverable so they can be included in the reference list if permitted by your teacher or lecturer. Treat according to publication type (e.g., video post, podcast, stand-alone document, etc.).
If permitted to use print class material or handouts for a source, treat as in example above.

Encyclopedia entry

** Check with your teacher or lecturer before using Wikipedia as a reference source.

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Black holes are a fascinating phenomenon because … (Reed 501).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).

D. L. Reed asserts that "black holes can be found all over the solar system particularly …" (501).

Works Cited

Template

Author. “Title of Entry.” Title of Work. Edition, Volume, Publisher, Year, Page range of entry, URL.

Examples

Print

Reed, D. L. “Black Holes.” The Encyclopedia of Science. 3rd ed., Vol. 4, Academic Resources, 2003, pp. 501-508.

e-book

McColl, Graham. “ABBA.” Encyclopedia of Music in the 20th Century, edited by Lee Stacy and Lol Henderson, Routledge, 2014. Kindle file.

Online

Perlstein, Rick. “Watergate Scandal.” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, 2012, www.britannica.com/event/Watergate-Scandal. Accessed 12 Apr. 2018.

Notes on style

Treat like a chapter from a book. (If using the whole work, treat like a book.)
Give author of entry if one is named, otherwise begin with title.
Give title of entry (in quotation marks) and title of whole work (italics).
Add page, edition and volume numbers (if applicable) after title for print (and print versions online).
Place and publisher are not needed for widely used reference works; just give year.

Interview transcript

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

When interviewing Neil Armstrong about his experiences on the moon …" (Armstrong)

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).

"Originally, when they started first talking about lunar landing …" (Armstrong).

Works Cited

Template

Interviewee. “Title.” By Interviewer. Day Month Year. Title of Whole Work. Website Name (if online) Publisher, Date.

Example

Armstrong, Neil. "An interview with Neil Armstrong." 15 May 1980. Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. NASA, 2001, www.nasa.gov/pdf/62281main_armstrong_oralhistory.pdf. Transcript.

Notes on style

Interviews can be used as references if recoverable by your reader (e.g., transcripts or audio/video files/recordings). Treat private or informal interviews as personal communications (See Other sources, Personal communication).
Give the interviewee’s name at the beginning of the entry. Give the title, if there is one, in quotation marks followed by the interviewer’s name. If no title, use the statement ‘Interview by’ and the interviewer’s name. Format the rest of the entry according to the category of material accessed.

Media release

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Recent Qantas industrial action … (Qantas).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number(s).

According to Qantas "recent industrial action was prompted by …" (Qantas).

Works Cited

Template

Author. Title. Form. Day Month Year, URL.

Example

Qantas. Response to Industrial Action. Media release. Qantas, 29 Oct. 2011. www.qantas.com/travel/airlines/media-releases/oct-2011/5218/global/en.

Personal communication

In-text citation

Paraphrasing

Erin Gerlich stated that her writing inspiration is often found in …

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".

"When I am planning my current novel, I take inspiration from …" (Gerlich).

Works cited

Template

Communicator. "Subject line." Received by recipient name, Day Month Year (message sent).

Example

Gerlich, Erin. "Re. Inspirational cues." Received by Mary Scott, 7 June 2008.

Notes on style

This treatment applies to communications between you and another person in letters, emails, conversations, personal interviews, or posts/comments on social media or other sites protected by privacy settings.
Give the name of the communicator (seek approval) and use the subject line in quotation marks. State to whom the message was sent with the phrase "Received by" and the recipient's name. Include the date the message was sent.

Report, government or corporate

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

This report reveals that Australia's health has … (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 5).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).

"The state of Australia's health has stimulated research in …" (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 23).

Works cited

Print report

Template

Name of Organisation, Name of Department. Title of Work. Publisher, Date of Publication.

Example

Department of Oriental Manuscripts and Printed Books. Annual Report. British Library Board, 1986.

Online report

Template

Title of Report. Publisher, Date of Publication, URL.

Example

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework: 2017 Report. Australian Health Ministers' Advisory Council, 2017, pmc.gov.au/resource-centre/indigenous-affairs/health-performance-framework-2017-report.

Print government report

Template

Name of Government, Name of Government Agency. Title of Work. Name of Government, Date of Publication.

Example

Victorian Government, Department of Sustainability and Environment. Code of Practice for Bushfire Management on Public Land. Victorian Government, 2012.

Government announcement / media release

Template

Title of Work, Day Month Year, URL.

Example

State Government Victoria. Emergency Response Times, 30 Oct. 2017, www.vic.gov.au/news/emergency-response-times.html.

Australian Bureau of Statistics media release

Template

Title of Work. Catalogue no., Australian Bureau of Statistics, Release Date, URL.

Example

Water Use on Australian Farms. No. 4618.0, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 7 July 2017, www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4618.0?OpenDocument.

Print fact-sheet

Template

Name of Government, Name of Government Agency (if applicable). Title of Work. Publisher, Year. Fact sheet.

Example

Victoria. Dept. of Education & Training. Resources for inclusion. Melbourne: Author, 2015. Fact sheet.

Notes on style

Check with your teacher or lecturer before using a fact-sheet as a reference source. These are usually not acceptable as academic sources unless as objects of research.
Give author. Use common abbreviations for groups’ e.g. ‘Dept. of Defence’, ‘Dept. of Treasury and Finance.’
Give title of report in italics. Add any series name or number (no italics) after title.
Give publication details. If published by author, use the word ‘Author’ for publisher name.
Do not include The before the name of any organisation in the works-cited list.
For Australian Government reports, the publisher is usually the same as the author, so to avoid repetition, it is only listed under publisher.
When a government agency is the author, begin with the name of the government, and then list the name of the department, as shown in the example.
For Australian Bureau of Statistics reports, as the organisation is both the author and publisher, skip the author element.
For online sources, add website name (italics), publisher and publication date, and retrieval date.

Review

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Alison Croggon comments that 'Private Lies' is a romantic comedy ….

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and print sources provide the page number(s).

"Private Lives, Noël Coward’s acid romantic comedy, opens with an irresistible …" (Croggon).

Works cited

Template

Reviewer. “Title of Review.” Review of Title of Work Reviewed, by Author/Director/Artist. Title of Work (containing review), Date , month, year, URL.

Examples

Film review (print newspaper)

Seitz, Matt Zoller. "Life in the Sprawling Suburbs, If You Can Really Call It Living." Review of Radiant City, directed by Gary Burns and Jim Brown. New York Times, 30 May 2007, p. E1.

Theatre review (Online)

Croggon, Alison. Review of Private Lives, Melbourne Theatre Company by Noel Coward. Guardian Australia, 31 Jan. 2014, www.theguardian.com/culture/australia-culture-blog/2014/jan/31/private-lives-melbourne-theatre-company-review. Accessed 7 Feb. 2014.

Notes on style

Give author and date of review.
Give title of review (quotation marks) followed by ‘Review of’, the title of work being reviewed (italics) and the role/s and name/s of the primary contributor/s. If review has no title, give description alone.
Format remaining parts according to the publication type (e.g., newspaper article, online post, etc.).

Software, App

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

It is also possible to push this information via bluetooth technology to a compatible device (Weatherflow Version 1.5.0).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".

Not everything is created in-house, the About Word information acknowledges "Certain templates developed for Microsoft Corporation by Impressa Systems" (Microsoft Word Version 16.0.4639.1000).

Works Cited

Template

Title of Software (Version number). Form. Website Name (if online). Company, Year.

Examples

Weather Flow (Version 1.5.0). Mobile phone application. Windows Phone. Microsoft, 2013.

Dolphin (Version 4.0.2). Computer software. Official Dolphin Emulator. Dolphin Emulator Project, 2013.

Notes on style

Only give reference entries for specialised software with limited distribution. No reference entry is needed for standard software and programming languages.
Give title of software followed by version number in parentheses. Add description after version number. Give name of company and year of production. If accessed online, add website name before publication medium (‘Web’) and retrieval date.
If you are citing or referencing artificial intelligence tools, please see the FedCite page Artificial intelligence tools.

Standards, Australian

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Standards Australia recommend the following specifications for the construction of timber framed residential dwellings … (AS 1684.4:2010).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the standard number.

"The following specifications are recommended for the construction of timber framed housing in Australia due to …" (Standards Australia AS 1684.4:2010).

Works cited

Template

Author. Standard title (Standard number). Publisher, Year.

Example

Residential Timber Framed Construction – Simplified - Non-cyclonic Areas: Formal Specifications (AS 1684.4:2010). Sydney: Standards Australia, 2010.

Notes on style

The publisher is usually the same as the author, so to avoid repetition, it is only listed under publisher.

Thesis

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Dysfunctional driving behaviours can be an enormous issue … (Reid 15).

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).

"Dysfunctional driving behaviours can lead to … " (Reid 65).

Works cited

Template

Author. Title of Thesis. Description. Year. Granting university, description. Website/Database, URL.

Examples

Print

Reid, John Maxwell. A Cognitive Study Of Dysfunctional Driving Behaviours. 1998. U of Melbourne, Doctoral thesis.

Online

Ryan, David Andrew. Crowd Monitoring Using Computer Vision. 2013. Queensland U of Technology, PhD thesis. QUT ePrints, eprints.qut.edu.au/65652/1/David_Ryan_Thesis.pdf.

Database

Lorentz, Jonathan. The Improvisational Process of Saxophonist George Garzone with Analysis of Selected Jazz Solos from 1995-1999. 2008. New York U, PhD thesis, ProQuest, search.proquest.com/docview/304533513/?pq-origsite=primo.

Notes on style

If the thesis is bound and available to be publicly consulted, it is considered published.
If the full text of the thesis can be accessed on a database such as ProQuest or EThOS, it is considered published.
MLA does not distinguish between published and unpublished dissertations

Artificial intelligence tools

How do you cite and reference AI content?

To reference the content output of generative AI tools such as ChatGPT, MLA recommends the following format.

This guidance is taken from the MLA Style Center post How do I cite generative AI in MLA style?, which also contains further details and examples.

In-text citation

Template

(“Title”)

Example

(“Describe the symbolism“)

Work cited

Template

“Title”. Name of AI tool, Version or version date of tool, Publisher, Creation date of content, URL of tool.

Example

“Describe the symbolism of the green light in the book The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald” prompt. ChatGPT, 13 Feb. version, OpenAI, 8 Mar. 2023, chat.openai.com/.

Notes on style

Do not treat the AI tool as an author. Omit the author field and start the in-text citation or reference with the title.
The title can be information about the prompt or a description of the content generated. If including the prompt used to generate the content, enclose these words in quotation marks.
If the title is long, it can be shortened in the in-text citation to the first few words, up to at least the first noun. More information about shortening long titles is available on the MLA Style Center website.
The publisher is the name of the company that developed the tool.
Always check carefully secondary sources cited by generative AI tools. Where possible, consult and reference the original source.

Introduction

Important: This is a guide only. Confirm the referencing requirements of your school with your lecturer, and use the IEEE Referencing Guide 2020 (pdf, 1.3 MB) to clarify referencing rules or if you need more examples. The examples listed here are based on the IEEE Referencing Guide 2020 (pdf, 1.3 MB).

IEEE is a sequentially numbered referencing system commonly used in engineering and information technology. A number in square brackets is allocated for each source used with a corresponding entry in a reference list at the end of the paper. The reference list is numbered in the order of your cited sources and should contain enough identifying detail to allow your reader to locate the source.

Sample citations and reference list here.

Additional resources

IEEE Author Center

General rules for in-text citations

Creating in-text citations

When you are paraphrasing or using a direct quote in your writing you must acknowledge each author or source of information (whether print or online). IEEE uses a sequential numbering system within the text to acknowledge a source. Each source is acknowledged in the order of use in a square bracket, for example:

Smith [1] experimented with …

Many tests on the robotic circuit have been documented [2–4].

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing an author’s ideas in your own words.

Direct quotes

Direct quotes are used when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between double quotation marks “ ” and add a page number(s). Do not overuse direct quotes.

Multiple authors

Number of authors	In-text	Reference list
Two	… as stated by Impedovo and Pirlo [1] in their recent study ...	D. Impedovo and G. Pirlo, “Dynamic handwriting analysis for the assessment of neurodegenerative diseases: A pattern recognition perspective,” IEEE Revs. in Biomed. Eng., vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 209-220, May, 2018. doi: 10.1109/RBME.2018.2840679.
Three or more	Jones et al. [1] have stated that ... Put ‘et al.’ in italics.	T. M. Jones, B. C. Milligan, A. C. Potts, W. B. Brown, S. E. Thomas, and C. S. Martin. Hydraulics: A research guide. 2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 2014. Sources with up to six authors are all named in the reference list.
Seven or more	In several experiments, Zhao et al. [1] state …	L. Zhao et al., Artificial intelligence. Cambridge, MA, USA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2019. Use et al. after the first author if a source has seven or more authors.

Multiple references

Examples of multiple sources used to support a point in your text are shown as follows:

Several studies [1], [5] and [9] mention …

Zhao et al [3] and [10]–[12] also support …

… as previously noted [2], [8]–[10], [13] there have been many …

Note: Use an ‘en’ dash for number ranges by holding the alt key and typing 0150.

Reusing a source

You can reuse a source by using the original number allocated.

Smith [1] mentioned many instances of … Several studies [5-8] have supported the work of [1]. Future research is recommended to … [5].

If the page number or other information changes from the original citation add this new information in the citation.

[2, pp. 5-7]; [2, Appendix 3]; [2, Sec. 3]; [2, Ch. 4, p. 79]; [2, Fig. 4]; [2, Algorithm 3]; [2. eq. (4)].

Secondary source

IEEE does not allow citations of secondary sources (a citation within a source) to be used. You must consult the original source at all times.

Online references

When constructing a reference with a doi, end with a period but do not use a period after a URL.

Accessed: Abbrev. Month day, year. [Online]. Available: URL, DOI.
Accessed: Abbrev. Month day, year. [Online]. Available: URL
Accessed: Abbrev. Month day, year, DOI.
URL, DOI.

Abbreviations

Abbreviations for commonly used words, publishers, and journals with non-English titles can be found in the IEEE Referencing Guide 2022 (pdf, 415 KB), Journal Titles and Abbreviations (pdf, 634 KB), or Magazine Titles and Abbreviations (pdf, 510 KB).

Months are followed by a period and abbreviated as follows:

Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec

If two months are required in a reference separate with a forward slash, for example, Jan./Feb.

Creating a reference list

A reference list should be presented at the end of the paper. Each resource should be numbered using square brackets in the order that they have been cited.

Use a hanging indent to create a separate column for citation numbers (Ctrl T)

Reference List

Method for producing renewable fuels, by P. Jokela, L. Ranta, and T. Lehesvirta, (2019, May 3). Aust. Patent 2019203139 [Online]. Available: http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat /applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=2019203139
H. Yang, H. Luo, F. Ye, S. Lu and L. Zhang, “Security in mobile ad hoc networks: Challenges and solutions,” IEEE Wireless Comm., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 38–47, Feb. 2004, doi: 10.1109/MWC.2004.1269716.
S. Yang, C. Chu, and B. Clennell, A CIPS sandstone X-ray CT data set for DCM tutorial training, v. 5, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 2016, doi: 10.4225/08/57969FE56B57E.
Local Government Infrastructure Design Association (Vic., Australia). Infrastructure Design Manual (IDM), v. 5.23 (Mar. 24, 2020). Accessed Jun. 10, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.designmanual.com.au
R. L. Myer, “Parametric oscillators and nonlinear materials,” in Nonlinear Optics, vol. 4, P. G. Harper and B. S Wherret, Eds. San Francisco, CA, USA: Academic, 1977, pp. 47-160.
L. Kuang et al., “A numerical method for analyzing electromagnetic scattering properties of a moving conducting object,” Int. J. Antennas Propag., vol. 2014, 2014, Art. no. 386315, doi: 10.1155/2014/386315.
A. Zrelli, H. Larthani, and T. Ezzedine, “Survey of optical sensors for strain monitoring in underground mining,” in Proc. 14th Int. Wireless Comms and Mob. Comput. Conf. (IWCMC 2018), Limassol, Cyprus, Jun. 25-29, 2018, pp. 678-682, doi: 10/1109/IWCMC.2018.8450452.
N. S. Wise, Control systems engineering, 7^th ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2015.
V. Rochev, “Hydraulic borehole mining method possible application at Middle Larba alluvial gold field,” presented at 7th Int. Sci. Conf., 2018, pp. 1-6, doi: 10/1051/e3sconf/20185601025.
ITP Renewables, “Lithium-ion battery testing,” ITP Renewables, Canberra, ACT, Public Report 7, Sep. 2019. Accessed: Dec. 04, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://arena.gov.au/assets/2019/11/public-report-7-lithium-ion-battery-testing.pdf
T. Phung. (2019). Project risk management [PowerPoint slides]. Available: https://moodle.federation.edu.au/course/view.php?id=49558§ion=10
J. Smith and J. Doe. “Obama inaugurated as President.” CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/POLITICS/01/21/obama_inaugurated/index.html (accessed Feb. 1, 2009).
G. Sanderson. Visualizing Quaternions (4D Numbers) With Stereographic Projection. (Sep. 6, 2018). Accessed: Dec. 4, 2019. [Online video]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4EgbgTm0Bg
Antenna Products. (2011). Antcom. Accessed: Feb. 12, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.antcom.com/ documents/catalogs/L1L2GPSAntennas.pdf
Methods of Testing Soils for Engineering Purposes, AS 1289.1.2.1 ̶1998, Standards Australia, Jul. 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www-saiglobal-com.ezproxy.federation.edu.au/PDFTemp/osu-2019-12-04/3675387708/1289.1.2.1- 1998_R2013.pdf
Jensen, “Electromagnetic near-field far-field correlations,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Tech. Univ. Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, 1970. [Online]. Available: www.tud.ed/jensen/diss
Method for producing renewable fuels, by P. Jokela, L. Ranta, and T. Lehesvirta, (2019, May 3). Aust. Patent 2019203139 [Online]. Available: http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat /applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=2019203139

Missing elements

This table offers broad guidance to assist in creating citations and references with MISSING elements.

The formatted examples reflect the referencing requirements for a ‘website post or page’.

Refer to FedCite or the reference style’s official publication for instruction and templates when referencing other specific material types such as books, journals, web documents etc.

Refer to the ‘Using IEEE’ section in FedCite for instruction on formatting requirements for the Reference List.

MISSING ELEMENT	REFERENCE LIST	IN-TEXT CITATION
Nothing missing	*[#] A. Author, Title, Source, Year.* [1] R. Patterson, “Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning.” College Info Geek. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/ (accessed Oct 13, 2021)	[#] [1]
No author	Substitute title for Author or the organisation; the provide Source and year *[#] Title of document, Source, Year.* [1] Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning. College Info Geek. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/ (accessed Oct 13, 2021)	References need not be cited in the text. When they are, they appear on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation.
No date	Substitute n.d. for no date if no year/date can be found on the Source. *[#] Author. Title of document.* Source, n.d.** [1] R. Patterson, “Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning.” College Info Geek. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/ (accessed Oct 13, 2021)	References need not be cited in the text. When they are, they appear on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation.
No title	For informal websites (such as home page or fan websites) or websites without formal titles, use descriptive phrases in your citation in place of page or website titles. [#] A. Author, “Description of document”, Source, Year. [1] R. Patterson, “How to read a textbook”. College Info Geek. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/ (accessed Oct 13, 2021)	References need not be cited in the text. When they are, they appear on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation.
No author & date	Substitute title for Author or the organisation; the provide Source and year. Substitute n.d. for no date if no year/date can be found on the Source. *[#] Title, Source, n.d.* [1] “Textbook reading for ultra-efficient learning”. College Info Geek. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/ (accessed Oct 13, 2021)	References need not be cited in the text. When they are, they appear on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation.
No author & title	Substitute brief description of document in your own words in place of the Author and title. [#] Description of document, Source, Year. [1] “How to read a textbook”. College Info Geek. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/ (accessed Oct 13, 2021)	References need not be cited in the text. When they are, they appear on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation.
No date & title	For informal websites (such as home page or fan websites) or websites without formal titles, use descriptive phrases in your citation in place of page or website titles. Substitute n.d. for no date if no year/date can be found on the Source. [#] A. Author, Description of document, Source, n.d. [1] R. Patterson, “How to read a textbook”. College Info Geek. https://collegeinfogeek.com/ how-to-read-a-textbook/ (accessed Oct 13, 2021)	References need not be cited in the text. When they are, they appear on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation.
No author, date & title	Substitute brief description of document in your own words in place of the Author and title. Substitute n.d. for no date if no year/date can be found on the Source. [#] Description of document, Source, n.d. [1] “How to read a textbook”. College Info Geek. https://collegeinfogeek.com/how-to-read-a-textbook/ (accessed Oct 13, 2021) Citing from a source with so few credentials may not be suitable in a piece of academic writing	References need not be cited in the text. When they are, they appear on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation.
No source	If you cannot identify the Publisher or City of publication use the following terms s.l. = no city of publication (Latin: sine loco) s.n. = no named publisher (Latin: sine nomine) [#] A. Author, Title, s.l.: s.n., Year. (example omitted as source is a web page)	References need not be cited in the text. When they are, they appear on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation.
No pagination	Skip for reference list if not present	References need not be cited in the text. When they are, they appear on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation. If there are no page numbers use paragraph numbers instead if these are available.

Single author

In-text citations

Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations.

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

As detailed by Blockley [1], …

This theory was first posited in 2004 [1].

Direct quote

Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.

“A paradigm change is needed in the way we engineer and operate the types of systems and hazards we are dealing with today.” [9, p. 6].

Reference list

Template

[#] J. K. Author, Title of Book. City, State (U.S. only), Country: Abbrev. Of Publisher, Year.

Example

[1] D. I. Blockley, Engineering: A Very Short Introduction. New York, NY, USA: Oxford Univ. Press, 2012.

Two authors

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

… as stated by Penn and Parker [1] in their recent study …

This theory was first posited in 2004 [1].

Direct quote

“A paradigm change is needed in the way we engineer and operate the types of systems and hazards we are dealing with today.” [9, p. 6].

Reference list

Template

[#] A. B. Author and J. K. Author, Title of Book. City, State (U.S. only), Country: Abbrev. Publisher, Year.

[1] M. R. Penn and P. J. Parker, Introduction to Infrastructure: An Introduction to Civil and Environmental Engineering. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, 2012.

Three to six authors

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Use et al. in italics for sources with three or more authors

Reeve et al. [1] claim …

The study [1] arose from ...

Direct quote

“A paradigm change is needed in the way we engineer and operate the types of systems and hazards we are dealing with today.” [9, p. 6].

Reference list

Template

[#] A. B. Author, C. D. Author, and E. F. Author, Title of Book. City, State (U.S. only), Country: Abbrev. Publisher, Year.

Example

[1] D. Reeve, A. Chadwick, and C. Fleming, Coastal Engineering: Processes, Theory and Design Practice. London, UK: Spon Press, 2004.

Include all author names in the reference list for sources that have up to 6 authors.

Seven or more authors

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Use et al. in italics for sources with three or more authors.

According to Dowling et al. [1], …

This theory has since been refuted [1] ...

Direct quote

“A paradigm change is needed in the way we engineer and operate the types of systems and hazards we are dealing with today.” [9, p. 6].

Reference list

Template

[#] J. K. Author et al., Title of Book. City, State, Country: Abbrev. Publisher, Year.

Example

[1] D. Dowling et al., Engineering your Future: An Australasian guide. Milton, QLD, Australia: John Wiley, 2020.

Use the first author’s name followed by et al. in italics for sources with 7 or more authors.

Edition

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Use et al. in italics for sources with three or more authors.

Wise [1] expresses the opinion that...

This has been well-documented [5, 8].

Direct quote

“A paradigm change is needed in the way we engineer and operate the types of systems and hazards we are dealing with today.” [9, p. 6].

Reference list

Template

[#] A. B. Author, Title of Book, xth ed. City, State, Country: Abbrev. Publisher, Year.

Example

[1] N. S. Wise, Control Systems Engineering, 7^th ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2015.

Include all author names in the reference list for sources that have up to 6 authors.
Use the first author’s name followed by et al. in italics for sources with 7 or more authors.

Edited book

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Use et al. in italics for sources with three or more authors.

According to Hurley [1], ...

For example, see [1].

Direct quote

“A paradigm change is needed in the way we engineer and operate the types of systems and hazards we are dealing with today.” [9, p. 6].

Reference list

Template

[#] J. K. Author, Ed(s)., Title of Edited Book. City, State, Country: Abbrev. Publisher, Year.

Example

[1] W. D. Hurley, Ed., Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering: Trends for the Next Decade. River Edge, NJ, USA: World Scientific, 1995.

Include all editor names in the reference list for sources that have up to 6 authors.
Use the first editor’s name followed by et al. in italics for sources with 7 or more editors.

Book chapter in edited book

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text Use et al. in italics for sources with three or more authors.

Myer [1] argues that...

This has been well-documented [5, 8].

Direct quote

“A paradigm change is needed in the way we engineer and operate the types of systems and hazards we are dealing with today.” [9, p. 6].

Reference list

Template

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of chapter,” in Title of Edited Book, A. B. Editor, Ed. City, State (U.S. only), Country: Abbrev. Publisher, Year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. xxx-xxx..

Example

[1] R. L. Myer, “Parametric oscillators and nonlinear materials,” in Nonlinear Optics, vol. 4, P. G. Harper and B. S Wherret, Eds. San Francisco, CA, USA: Academic, 1977, pp. 47-160.

Include all author names in the reference list for sources that have up to 6 authors.
Use the first author’s name followed by et al. in italics for sources with 7 or more authors.

Ebook

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Use et al. in italics for sources with three or more authors.

… as detailed by Kahraman [1].

This has been well- documented [5, 8].

Direct quote

“A paradigm change is needed in the way we engineer and operate the types of systems and hazards we are dealing with today.” [9, p. 6].

Reference list

Template

[#] A. B. Author and C. D. Author, Title of E-book. City, State (U.S. only), Country: Abbrev. Publisher, Year. [E-book]. Available: E-book platform.

Example

[1] C. Kahraman, Computational Intelligence Systems in Industrial Engineering With Recent Theory and Applications. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2012. [E-book]. Available: Springer eBooks.

Online E-Book

Template

[#] J. K. Author, Title of E-book. City, State (U.S. only), Country: Abbrev. Publisher, Year. [Online]. Available: URL

Example

[1] N. G. Leveson, Engineering a Safer World. Cambridge: MA, USA: The MIT Press, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.oapen.org/

Include all author names in the reference list for sources that have up to 6 authors.
Use the first author’s name followed by et al. in italics for sources with 7 or more authors.

Translated book

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Use et al. in italics for sources with three or more authors.

… according to Ichiro [1], ...

The expansion of the railway network had a direct impact on the country’s economic development [10].

Direct quote

“A paradigm change is needed in the way we engineer and operate the types of systems and hazards we are dealing with today.” [9, p. 6].

Reference list

Template

[#] A. B. Author, Title of Book. City, State (U.S. only), Country: Abbrev. Publisher (in Language), Year.

Example

[1] K. Ichiro, Thai Economy and Railway 1885-1935, Tokyo, Japan: Nihon Keizai Hyoronsha (in Japanese), 2000.

Include all author names in the reference list for sources that have up to 6 authors.
Use the first author’s name followed by et al. in italics for sources with 7 or more authors.

Conference paper presented

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

Hydraulic borehole mining is a method used … [1].

Direct quote

“The most obvious objects for the application of hydraulic borehole mining are alluvial gold deposits” [1, p. 2].

Reference list

Template

[#] J. K. Author. (Date). Title of conference paper. Presented at Abbrev. Conf. title. [Online]. Available: URL

Example

[1] V. Chandrasekaran, S. Sanghavi, P. A. Parrilo, and A. S. Willsky. (2009). Sparse and low-rank matrix decompositions. Presented at IFAC 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S1474667016388632

Template

[#] J. K. Author. (Date). Title of conference paper. Presented at Abbrev. Conf. title., doi: xxx

Example

[1] V. Rochev. (2018). “Hydraulic borehole mining method possible application at Middle Larba alluvial gold field,” presented at 7th Int. Sci. Conf., doi: 10/1051/e3sconf/20185601025.

Abbreviations for commonly used words can be found on page 5 of the IEEE Referencing Guide 2018

Conference paper published in proceedings

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

Monitoring optical sensors … [1].

Direct quote

“Monitoring of miners in underground tunnels field may include mobile nodes, reference nodes, gateways and base stations” [3, p. 678].

Reference list

Template

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of conference paper,” in Abbrev. Name of Conf., C. D. Editor, Ed. (location of conference is optional), year, pp. xxx-xxx, doi: xxx.

Example

[1] A. Zrelli, H. Larthani, and T. Ezzedine, “Survey of optical sensors for strain monitoring in underground mining,” in Proc. 14th Int. Wireless Comms and Mob. Comput. Conf. (IWCMC 2018), Limassol, Cyprus, Jun. 25-29, 2018, pp. 678-682, doi: 10/1109/IWCMC.2018.8450452.

Template

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbrev. Name of Conf., (location of conference is optional), year, pp. xxx-xxx. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com

Example

[1] J. Yanamadala et al., “Segmentation of the visible human project (VHP) female cryosection images within MATLAB environment,” in Proc. 23rd Int. Meshing Roundtable, London, U.K., Oct. 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.imr.sandia.gov/papers/imr23.html

Location of conference is optional.
Abbreviations for commonly used words can be found on page 5 of the IEEE Referencing Guide 2018

Data

In-text citations

Where there are three or more authors, cite the first author’s surname followed by et al.

After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations.

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

Data collected by Yang et al. [1] clearly demonstrates ...

Reference list

Template

[#] Author, Date, “Title of Dataset,” Source, doi: xxx

Example

[1] S. Yang, C. Chu, and B. Clennell, 2016, “A CIPS sandstone X-ray CT data set for DCM tutorial training”, v. 5, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), doi: 10.4225/08/57969FE56B57E.

Template with URL

Author, Date, “Title of Dataset,” Source. [Online]. Available: URL

Example

[1] Geoscience Australia, May 22, 2015, “Operating mines OZMIN Geoscience Australia 20150201: Bioregional assessment source dataset,” Bioregional Assessment Repository. [Online]. Available: http://data.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/dataset/65c0c042-1ba8-47a8-9793-4363672500b9

[2] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Aug. 2013, “Treatment episode dataset: Discharges (TEDS-D): Concatenated, 2006 to 2009,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. [Online]. Available: ich.edu/icpsrweb/SAMHDA/studies/30122/version/2

Include the version number if applicable.
Include the DOI whenever one is available.

Equations

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

If you are referring to a specific equation from another source, give the citation number directly after its mention in your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

… as seen in [3, eq. (2)]

Direct quote

If you are reproducing an equation from another source, you may cite it in the introductory sentence before the equation or in the concluding sentence after it, using sequential numbering in square brackets as usual. You must also include the equation number as given in the original source next to the actual equation. It must be in round brackets and right aligned.

In this example, the original source will be in the reference list as [27]. The reproduced equation is numbered (9) in the original source.

Reference list

Template

Reference the source as per format required, for example, book, journal article, etc.

Figures

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

If you are referring to a specific figure from another source, give the citation number directly after its mention in your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

… as shown in [1, Fig. 2]

Direct quote

If you are reproducing a figure from another source, the caption goes underneath the figure and is centred. Give the citation number directly after the caption under the figure.

Caption

The caption is centred below the figure and indicate at the end of the caption if you have altered the figure in any way.

You may refer to multiple parts of the figure using singular grammar, for example, Fig. 1(a) and Fig. 1(b).

Template

Below the figure

Fig. #. Caption. (a) Caption part. (b) Caption part. [#]

Example

Fig. 2. Time versus distance. [3]

Reference list

Template

Reference the source as per format required, for example, book, journal article, etc

Tables

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

If your are referring to a specific table from another source, give the citation number directly after its mention in your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Roman numerals are used to number tables.

See [2, Tab. IV] for more information regarding …

Direct quote

If you are reproducing a table from another source, the title goes above the table and is centred. Give the citation number directly after the title.

Title

The title is centred above the table and indicate at the end of the title if you have altered the table in any way.

You may refer to multiple parts of the table use singular grammar, for example, Tab. VI(a) and Tab. VI(b).

Template

Above the image

TABLE # (use Roman numerals)
Caption. (a) Caption part. (b) Caption part. [#]

Example

TABLE IV

Efficiencies of current ABS submersible sewage pumps [6]

Reference list

Template

Reference the source as per format required, for example, book, journal article, etc.

Single author

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

According to Kaczorek [1], managing energy requires for …

Direct quote

“Mathematical fundamentals of the fractional calculus are …” [1, p. 1].

Reference list

Template: Physical Journal

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of journal article,” Abbreviated Title of Journal, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbreviated Month year, doi: xxx.

Example

[1] T. Kaczorek, "Minimum energy control of fractional positive electrical circuits," Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 65, no. 2, pp.191–201, June 2016, doi: 10.1515/aee-2016-0013.

Template: Online journal articles

Place a full stop after the year, add [Online]. Available: URL

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of journal article,” Abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month year. [Online]. Available: URL

Example

[1] K. Drachal, "Determining time-varying drivers of spot oil price in a dynamic model averaging framework", Energies, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 1207, May 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/5/1207/htm

Template: Journal articles with an article ID number:

Place a comma after the year, then add the article ID number, followed by the doi or URL

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of journal article,” Abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month year, Art. no. xxx, doi: xxx.

Example

[1] L. Jones, "Bridges reach for the skies [Built environment infrastructure]", Eng. and Technol., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 66-70, May 2017, Art. no. 16790686, doi: 10.1049/et.2017.0410.

Notes on style

Use the official abbreviated form of journal titles when available, particularly for IEEE journals.
Months of 5 or more letters should be abbreviated to the first 3 letters followed by a full stop e.g. Jan. 2019. The exception is September: Sept. 2015.
May, June and July should be given in full e.g. July 2018.
Include the DOI whenever one is available.

Two authors

In-text citations

Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the authors’ names in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations.

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

Engineers' information-seeking habits was recently explored … [1].

Direct quote

Research exploring “how engineers working in a particular organization sought information: what types of information needs they had, what sources they used, and how they selected these sources” [6, p. 566] has noted that …

Reference list

Template: Journal articles

[#] J. K. Author and C. D. Author, “Title of journal article,” Abbreviated Title of Journal, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbreviated Month year, doi: xxx.

[1] M. Fidel and H. M. Green, “The many faces of accessibility: Engineers’ perception of information sources,” Inf. Process. Manage., vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 225-256, May 2015, doi: 1016/S0306-4573(03)00003-7.

Template: Online journal articles

Place a full stop after the year, add [Online]. Available: URL

[#] J. K. Author and C. D. Author, “Title of journal article,” Abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month year. [Online]. Available: URL

[1] R. Zhang and F. Gao, "Two-dimensional iterative learning model predictive control for batch processes: A new state space model compensation approach," IEEE Trans. Syste., Man, Cybern., Syst, pp. 1-9, [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8575166

Template: Journal articles with an article ID number

Place a comma after the year, then add the article ID number, followed by the doi or URL

[#] J. K. Author and C. D. Author, “Title of journal article,” Abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month year, Art. no. xxx, doi: xxx.

[1] J. Zhang and N. Tansu, “Optical gain and laser characteristics of InGaN quantum wells on ternary InGaN substrates,” IEEE Photon. J., vol. 5, no. 2, Apr. 2013, Art no. 2600111, doi: 10.1109/JPHOT.2013.2247587

Template: Online Journal articles with an article ID number

[#] J. K. Author and C. D. Author, “Title of journal article,” Abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month year, Art. no. xxx. [Online]. Available: URL

[2] S. Jahani and Z. Jacob, "Breakthroughs in photonics 2014: Relaxed total internal reflection," in IEEE Photon. J., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1-5, June 2015, Art no. 0700505. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7101015

Notes on style

Use the official abbreviated form of journal titles when available, particularly for IEEE journals.
Months of 5 or more letters should be abbreviated to the first 3 letters followed by a full stop e.g. Jan. 2019. The exception is September: Sept. 2015.
May, June and July should be given in full e.g. July 2018.
Include the DOI whenever one is available.

Three to six authors

In-text citations

Use et al. when three or more authors are cited in the text.

After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the authors’ names in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations.

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

This suggests mobile networks [4] are more secure if …

Yang et al. [3] state that...

Direct quote

“In recent years mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have received tremendous attention because of their self-configuration and self-maintenance capabilities” [3, p. 38].

Reference list

Template

[#] A. B. Author, C. D. Author, E. F. Author, H. I. Author, J. K. Author and L. M. Author, “Title of journal article,” Abbreviated Title of Journal, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbreviated Month year, doi: xxx.

[1] H. Yang, H. Luo, F. Ye, S. Lu and L. Zhang, “Security in mobile ad hoc networks: Challenges and solutions,” IEEE Wireless Comm., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 38–47, Feb. 2004, doi: 10.1109/MWC.2004.1269716.

Template: Online journal articles

Place a full stop after the year, add [Online]. Available: URL

[#] A. B. Author, C. D. Author, E. F. Author, H. I. Author, J. K. Author and L. M. Author, “Title of journal article,” Abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month year. [Online]. Available: URL

[1] W. P. Risk, G. S. Kino, and H. J. Shaw, “Fiber-optic frequency shifter using a surface acoustic wave incident at an oblique angle,” Opt. Lett., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 115–117, Feb. 1986. [Online]. Available: http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-11-2-115

Template: Journal articles with an article ID number

Place a comma after the year, then add the article ID number, followed by the doi or URL

[#] A. B. Author, C. D. Author, E. F. Author, H. I. Author, J. K. Author and L. M. Author, “Title of journal article,” Abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month year, Art. no. xxx, doi: xxx.

[1] R. Fardel, M. Nagel, F. Nuesch, T. Lippert, and A. Wokaun, “Fabrication of organic light emitting diode pixels by laser-assisted forward transfer,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 91, no. 6, Aug. 2007, Art. no. 061103, doi: 10.1063/1.2759475

Template: Online journal articles with an article ID number

[#] A. B. Author, C. D. Author, E. F. Author, H. I. Author, J. K. Author and L. M. Author, “Title of a journal article,” Abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month year, Art. no. xxx. [Online]. Available: URL

[1] S. Preu, G. H. Döhler, S. Malzer, L. J. Wang, and A. C. Gossard, “Tunable continuous-wave terahertz photo mixer sources and applications,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 109, Mar. 2011, Art. no. 061301. [Online]. Available: https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3552291?journalCode=jap

Notes on style

Use the official abbreviated form of journal titles when available, particularly for IEEE journals.
Months of 5 or more letters should be abbreviated to the first 3 letters followed by a full stop e.g. Jan. 2019. The exception is September: Sept. 2015.
May, June and July should be given in full e.g. July 2018.
Include the DOI whenever one is available.

Seven or more authors

In-text citations

Use et al. when three or more authors are cited in the text.

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

Techniques used to analyse scattered fields have … [4].

Direct quote

Kuang et al. [2] state that “the Lorentz transformation method can be used to solve the scattered field from a moving object” [p.4].

Reference list

Template

[#] J. K. Author et al., “Title of journal article,” Abbreviated Title of Journal, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbreviated Month year, doi: xxx.

[1] T. Brunschwiler et al., “Formulation of percolating thermal underfills using hierarchical self-assembly of microparticles and nanoparticles by centrifugal forces and capillary bridging,” J. Microelectron. Electron. Packag., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 149–159, 2012, doi: 10.4071/imaps.357.

Where there are more than six authors, use the first listed author’s name followed by et al.
For non-IEEE publications, et al. may be used if names are not provided.

Template: Online journal articles

Place a full stop after the year, add [Online]. Available: URL

[#] J. K. Author et al., “Title of journal article,” Abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month year. [Online]. Available: URL

[1] P. Kopyt et al., “Electric properties of graphene-based conductive layers from DC up to terahertz range,” IEEE THz Sci. Technol., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 480-490, May 2016. [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7463081

Template: Journal articles with an article ID number

Place a comma after the year, then add the article ID number, followed by the doi or URL

[#] J. K. Author et al., “Title of journal article,” Abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month year, Art. no. xxx, doi: xxx.

[1] L. Kuang et al., “A numerical method for analyzing electromagnetic scattering properties of a moving conducting object,” Int. J. Antennas Propag., vol. 2014, 2014, Art. no. 386315, doi: 10.1155/2014/386315.

Template: Online journal articles with an article ID number

[#] J. K. Author et al., “Title of journal article,” Abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month year, Art. no. xxx. [Online]. Available: URL

[1] N. Takanashi et al., "4-dB quadrature squeezing with fiber-coupled PPLN ridge waveguide module," IEEE J. of Quantum Electron., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 1-5, June 2020, Art no. 6000100. [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=9044771

Notes on style

Use the official abbreviated form of journal titles when available, particularly for IEEE journals.
Months of 5 or more letters should be abbreviated to the first 3 letters followed by a full stop e.g. Jan. 2019. The exception is September: Sept. 2015.
May, June and July should be given in full e.g. July 2018.
Include the DOI whenever one is available.

Course materials

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

According to [1] information literacy can be defined as ...

Direct quote

Risk management in this context ... [1, Slide 2].

Reference list

Template

[#] J. K. Author. (Year). Title of lecture [Medium]. Available: URL

[1] T. Phung. (2019). Project risk management [PowerPoint slides]. Available: https://moodle.federation.edu.au/course/view.php?id=49558&section=10

Template: Institutional author

[#] Name of University. (Year). Title of lecture [Medium]. Available: URL

[1] Argosy University Online. (2012). Information literacy and communication: Module 2 filing and organization. [Online]. Available: http://www.myeclassonline.com

Manual or handbook

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

Council processes for designing infrastructure … [1].

Direct quote

The Local Government Infrastructure Design Association (Vic., Australia) provide relevant advice for “the design phase to ensure there are clear infrastructure design guidelines across municipalities; and that minimum standards and maintenance schedules are achieved [1, p. 16].

Reference list

TEMPLATE

J. K. Author (or Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co. Abbrev. State, Country). Name of Manual/Handbook, x ed. (year). Accessed: Date. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com

Local Government Infrastructure Design Association (Vic., Australia). Infrastructure Design Manual (IDM), v. 5.23 (Mar. 24, 2020). Accessed: Jun. 10, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.designmanual.com.au
T.F. Fwa, ed. (Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, USA). The Handbook of Highway Engineering. (2006). Accessed: Dec. 02, 2019. [Online]. Available: http://civilcafe.weebly.com/uploads/2/8/9/8/28985467/the_handbook_of_highway_engineering.pdf

Online videos

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

The visualisation of Quatemions has been … [1].

Direct quote

Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the video, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text.

Do we need a time stamp for quotes?

“Quatemions are a four-dimensional extension of complex numbers” [1].

Reference list

Template

[#] Video Owner/Creator, Location (if available). Title of Video Tutorial: In initial caps. (Release date). Accessed: Abbrev. Month Day, Year. [Online video]. Available: URL

Example

[1] Sanderson. Visualizing Quaternions (4D Numbers) With Stereographic Projection. (Sep. 6, 2018). Accessed: Dec. 4, 2019. [Online video]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4EgbgTm0Bg

Patents

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

….a way to improve the speed of data download [1].

Direct quote

...prompt a user to activate the data saving feature [2, p. 1].

Reference list

Template

[#] Name of invention, by J. K. Author. (year, Abbrev. Month day). Patent xxx [Medium]. Available: URL

Example

[1] Method for producing renewable fuels, by P. Jokela, L. Ranta, and T. Lehesvirta, (2019, May 3). Aust. Patent 2019203139 [Online]. Available: http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat /applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=2019203139

Report, government or corporate

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

Recent testing of lithium batteries in terms of … [2].

Direct quote

The aim of the testing is to independently verify battery performance (capacity retention and round-trip efficiency) against manufacturers’ claims [2, p. 2].

Reference list

Template

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of report,” Abbreviated Company Name, City, Abbreviated State, Country, Rep. no., (optional: vol./issue), Year/ date of publication. Accessed: Date. [Online]. Available: URL

Examples

[1] R M. Stewart, “The future of Australian electricity generation,” Institute of Australian Engineers Australia, Canberra, ACT, 2017. Accessed 4 Dec. 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/sites/default/files /resources/Public%20Affairs/The%20Future%20of%20Australian%20Electricity.pdf

[2] ITP Renewables, “Lithium-ion battery testing,” ITP Renewables, Canberra, ACT, Public Report 7, Sep. 2019. Accessed: Dec. 04, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://arena.gov.au/assets/2019/11/public-report-7-lithium-ion-battery-testing.pdf

Notes on style

Include the name and location of the company or institution after the author and title.
Include the report number and date of publication after the location details.
For online reports, include the date accessed and the URL.

Software or app

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

Direct quote

Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text.

Reference list

Template

[#] Author. Title of Software. (version or year). Name of Publisher. Accessed: Date (when applicable). [Medium]. Available: URL

Example

[1] MATLAB. (2019). The MathWorks. Accessed: Dec. 04, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://au.mathworks.com/products/matlab-online.html

[2] MechDesigner CAD Software. (2011). PSMotion Ltd. Accessed: 24 Oct. 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.psmotion.com/cad-cae-machine-design-and-analysis/cadcae-machine-design-software

Example: Access date

[3] D. W. Arning et al. Mixed Mode-Mixed Level Circuit Simulator. (2011). Ngspice. Accessed Jan. 11, 2019). (Online). Available: http://ngspice.sourceforge.net

[4] Antenna Products. (2011). Antcom. Accessed: Feb. 12, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.antcom.com/ documents/catalogs/L1L2GPSAntennas.pdf

Standards

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

Soil testing requires some careful consideration, for example, apparatus must … [1].

Direct quote

It is important to remember that “sampling containers which prevent loss of fines [1, p. 2] are used at all times.

Reference list

Template

[#] Title of Standard, Standard number, Corporate author, location, date. [Online]. Available: URL

Example

[1] Methods of Testing Soils for Engineering Purposes, AS 1289.1.2.1 ̶1998, Standards Australia, Jul. 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www-saiglobal-com.ezproxy.federation.edu.au/PDFTemp/osu-2019-12-04/3675387708/1289.1.2.1- 1998_R2013.pdf

[2] Unified (ISO Inch) Screw Threads, Associated Gauges, and Gauging Practice, AS 3635 ̶1990, Standards Australia, Jul. 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www-saiglobal-com.ezproxy.federation.edu.au/PDFTemp/osu-2019-12- 04/3675387708/3635-1990_R2017.pdf

Theses and dissertations

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

Shanmugam’s [1] research has discovered that …

Direct quote

"Nanocellulose materials can provide an excellent alternative material for most plastic films which have limitations in recycling and biodegradability" [1, p. 76].

Reference list

Template: Thesis

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of thesis,” M.S. thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, Country, year. [Online]. Available: URL

Example

[1] T. L. Batty, “Predictive force feedback in a teleoperated robotic surgical system,” M.S. thesis, Dept. Mech. Aerosp. Eng., Monash Univ., Melbourne, Vic., Australia, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bridges.monash.edu/articles/thesis/Predictive_Force_Feedback_in_a_Teleoperated_Robotic_Surgical_System/6885128

Template: Dissertation

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of dissertation,” Ph.D. dissertation, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, Country, year. [Online]. Available: URL

Example

[1] F. Jensen, “Electromagnetic near-field far-field correlations,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Tech. Univ. Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, 1970. [Online]. Available: www.tud.ed/jensen/diss

Web document (PDF)

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

Most students have access to the technology they need [1].

Direct quote

How students access technology varies... [1, p. 8].

Reference list

Template

[#] J. K. Author. “Title of web document.” Title of Website. URL (accessed Abbrev. Month. Day, Year).

Example

[1] J. D. Galanek, D. C. Gierdowski and D. C. Brooks. “ECAR study of undergraduate students and information technology, 2018.” Educause. https://library.educause.edu/~/media/files/library/2018/10/studentitstudy2018.pdf?la=en (accessed Jan. 23, 2020).

Website post or page

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

....the people crowded around to see [2].

Direct quote

Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The paragraph number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.

Celebrations went on into the night [2, p. 10].

Reference list

Template

[#] J. K. Author. “Title of website post,” Title of Website. URL (accessed abbrev. Month. Day, Year)

Example

[1] J. Smith and J. Doe. “Obama inaugurated as President.” CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/POLITICS/01/21/obama_inaugurated/index.html (accessed Feb. 1, 2009).

Website

In-text citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

....can assist you to become an engineer in Australia [2].

Direct quote

Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The paragraph number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.

Engineers Australia will serve you with care and integrity [2, p. 3].

Reference list

Template

[#] A. B. Author. “Title of web page.” Title of Website. URL (Accessed Abbrev. Month Day, Year).

Example

[1] Engineers Australia. “Studying in Australia.” Engineers Australia. https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/For-Migrants (Accessed Oct. 16, 2018).

Artificial intelligence tools

How do you reference AI content?

If you are discussing the software or program itself - use Software or App.

If you are referencing the content output of the program - use Personal Communication (as it is not accessible or retrievable by others).

Referencing style guidance is being developed from the official bodies, and this is interim advice until formal notes can be added.

ChatGPT and other generative AI tools are non-recoverable, meaning that a reference will not link to the actual source and there is no archive of the content produced that others can access.

Reference

Template

Reference number. Author name, private communication, Mon. Year

Example

1. OpenAI's ChatGPT, private communication, Apr. 2023

Personal communications

Warning

** Check with your teacher or lecturer before including this material as a reference source**

Notes on style

Identify the communicator (seek approval for private communications) and date. The following sources are considered to be personal communications:

Live lectures, presentations, performances, speeches, etc.
Private communications, such as letters, emails, conversations, personal interviews, or posts and comments on social media or other sites protected by privacy settings.
Class or lecture notes were taken by yourself or other students, and material accessible only to students of the unit course or institution

Intext citations

Paraphrasing

Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text.

According to [1], it is due to.....

Direct quote

Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page or paragraph number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.

....we see that it caused a lot of stress [3, p. 3].

Reference list

Template

[#] J. K. Author, private communication, Abbrev. Month, Year.

Example

[1] E. Jensen, private communication, Dec. 2008.

FedCite - referencing tool

Use FedCite to find examples and useful tips to create in-text citations, footnotes and full references for APA, Australian Harvard, Chicago, MLA and IEEE referencing styles.

FedCite updates

Are you missing information for your reference?

You can now find support for referencing with missing elements for APA, Australian Harvard, Chicago , MLA and IEEE in FedCite.

Feedback

We are always working to improve FedCite with new referencing styles and more examples. Share any feedback or suggestions for improvement on the 'Ask the library' form at the bottom of each FedCite page.

Copyright Federation University of Australia
Based on a work Copyright RMIT University
In turn based on a work Copyright © Swinburne
In turn based on a work Copyright © Griffith University
Some examples drawn from Monash University
Content licensed under Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 3.0

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