Basic treatment for in-text citations
You need to insert a brief reference (the author’s given name) into your writing whenever you use a source. A page reference is added when you are referring to a specific part of the source.
Author
Author and page
. . . which is confirmed by the most recent study (Jenkins 22).
Author in sentence
. . . the study by Jenkins (22) confirmed these results.
Author needing initial
If two or more authors have the same family name, add the given name initial to distinguish between them.
. . . seemingly different from Twain’s later work (M. Grech 45–54).
If the author's name is part of the sentence, add the entire given name.
. . . Twain's later work was explored by Matthew Grech (45-54).
- Enclose author’s given name in round brackets.
- Add page reference if quoting from or referring to a specific part of the source.
- Insert before punctuation mark ending sentence (or part of sentence) where you used source.
- If author is already in sentence, give page reference alone in round brackets.
- Add given name or initial/s to family name if you have sources by authors with the same family name.
More than one author
Two authors
(Hendricks and Angwin 34)
. . . Hendricks and Angwin (34) . . .
- Name both authors and join by ‘and’.
Three or more authors
(Donat et al. 68)
. . . Donat et al. (68) . . .
- Name the first author followed by ‘et al.’ (a Latin abbreviation meaning ‘and others’).
Group author (government or organisation)
(World Health Org. 57)
. . . World Health Organization (57) . . .
- Give the name of the group in all mentions.
- Use common abbreviations (e.g., ‘Org.’, ‘Assn.’, ‘Dept.’, ‘Soc.’) if name is in parentheses.
Same author, different sources
(Winton, Riders 34) . . . (Winton, Breath 56)
(Smith, "Fantasy" 65) . . . (Smith, "Science Fiction" 1)
- Add the first words or the short form of the title to the author after a comma.
- Italicise whole works; enclose parts of works in quotation marks.
No author
Whole work
(Reading Rates 16)
. . . Reading Rates (16) . . .
Part of work
(“Last Gasp” 89) . . .
“Last Gasp” (89) . . .
- If the source has no author, give the first two to three words of the title.
- Use italics for whole works, and quotation marks around parts of works.
- Use initial capital letters for all major words.
Multiple sources, same citation
. . . along with other studies (Keen 14; Lee 109; Wojk, 123–45).
- List each source alphabetically by author and separate by semicolons.
Page numbers
Basic treatment
. . . (Johnson 6)
Kennett (55–63) . . .
- Add page or other location/ label references when referring to a specific part of source.
- Enclose in round brackets (with or without author depending on if author is in sentence).
- No comma between author and page reference.
- Do not use ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’ in front of pages.
Quotations
It was described as “a stunning victory” (Harrison 15).
Harrison described it as “a stunning victory” (15).
- Add the page reference after the closing quotation mark.
- If author is already in the sentence, give page reference alone.
- For block quotations, i.e., set apart from the text with no quotation marks, add page reference after closing punctuation mark.
No page numbers
(Duer par. 12)
. . . Jansz (sec. 12) . . .
- If no page numbers are shown on the source, give paragraph, location or section number/s.
- Use the abbreviations ‘par.’, ‘sec.’, or ‘loc.’ before the numbers.