Personal communication

No reference entry required   

Int-text citation

(E Jensen 2008, pers. comm., 7 June)

Ford’s Adelaide performance (2008, Festival Theatre, 6 May)

Notes on style

Personal communications (pers. comm.) are not recoverable, so they are not included in the reference list but may be referred to in the text. Identify communicator (seek approval for private communications) and date in round brackets (omit any detail already in surrounding sentence). The following sources are considered personal communications:

• Live lectures, presentations, performances, speeches, etc.
• Private communications, such as letters, emails, conversations, personal interviews, or posts and comments on social media or other sites protected by privacy settings.
• Class/lecture notes taken by yourself/other students, and material accessible only to enrolled students.